传统管理理论建立在经济人的基础上,因此专业化、标准化和等级制等是传统管理的显著特征,由此造就了数以亿计的高效率、官僚性的组织。当今时代是知识经济时代,变革和创新是组织面临的新议题,所有企业都处于瞬息万变的市场环境中。顾客需求愈加多样化,科技创新的速度越来越快,产品的生命周期越来越短,全球价值链中的专业化竞争不断加剧。组织员工多受过良好教育,是知识 Traditional management theory is based on economic people. Therefore, specialization, standardization and hierarchy are the notable features of traditional management. As a result, hundreds of millions of highly efficient and bureaucratic organizations have been created. Today’s era is the era of knowledge-based economy, change and innovation are new issues facing the organization, all businesses are in a rapidly changing market environment. As customer needs become more diversified, technological innovation is getting faster and faster, the life cycle of products is getting shorter and shorter, and the specialized competition in the global value chain is getting worse. More well-educated employees, is knowledge