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纵观历年高考试题,有很多题考查句子结构,我们应通过一些典型题目总结解题思路和方法。“句子结构分析法”是指用语法知识分析题干的句子结构,弄清句子成分,进而找到考点,理解考查内容,帮助选出正确答案。这种方法有助于解答考查非谓语动词、特殊句式以及从句类的一些题目。
一、用“句子结构分析法”解答非谓语动词类试题
典例分析
(一) to do 不定式作目的状语
1. Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year,reduce unemployment pressures. (2009江苏卷)
A. helpB. to have helped
C. to helpD. having helped
2. All of them try to use the power of the workstation______information in a more effective way.(2009 北京卷)
A. presentingB. presented
C. being presented D. to present
分析:以上两题都考查to do 不定式作状语表示目的。
(二) v-ing 分词
1. Distinguished guests and friends, welcome to our school._______the ceremony of the 50th Anniversary this morning are our alumni (校友) from home and abroad. (2009 江苏卷)
A. AttendB. To attend
C. AttendingD. Having attended
分析:现在分词短语作表语前置,使句子平衡。
2. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _____all four people on board. (2009 上海卷)
A. killed B. killing
C. killsD. to kill
分析:v-ing形式作状语表示结果,所以选B。
3. I still remember to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. (2009 陕西卷)
A. to take B. to be taken
C. takingD. being taken
分析:remember后用非谓语动词做宾语时,可以用v-ing形式表示动作已经完成,用动词不定式,表示动作还未发生。根据后文的saw可知,此处非谓语动词动作已经完成,且与逻辑主语是被动关系,所以用v-ing的被动式,选D。
4. The government plans to bring in new laws _____ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children. (2009 江西卷)
A. forcedB. forcing
C. to be forced D. having forced
分析:用v-ing 形式作后置定语,修饰new laws,相当于定语从句which force…,所以选B。
(三) 过去分词
1. Every evening after dinner, if not ______ from work, I will spend some time walking my dog. (2009湖南卷)
A. being tired B. tiring
C. tired D. to be tired
分析:本题考查省略句和过去分词。在if 引导的条件状语从句中,如果从句中是“if+主语+be”的形式,且从句和主句的主语一致,则从句中的主语和be都可省略,从句的完整形式应为“if I am not tired from work”所选C。
2. Now that we've discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions?(2009全国卷1)
A. taking B. take
C. takenD. to take
分析:本题考查过去分词作定语。因为take 和decisions 为动宾关系,因此用过去分词表示被动。
二、 用“句子结构分析法”解答特殊句式类试题
典例分析
1. —Where did you get to know her?
—It was on the farm_______we worked. (2007山东卷)
A.thatB.there
C.which D.where
分析:如不对语境进行分析,有的考生会误选A项,误认为是考查强调句。应注意题干中所给的句子是一个不完整的句子,补充完整后应该是It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her. where引导定语从句,修饰farm,因此选D。
2. Hearing the dog barking fiercely, away _____.
A. fleeing the thief B. was fleeing the thief
C. the thief was fleeing D. fled the thief
分析:本题考察全部倒装。逗号之前的是-ing分词作状语,后面的主句必须有谓语动词;表示方位的副词位于句首要用全部倒装,即主谓完全颠倒,因此选D。
3. The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only_______, but students became more interested in the lessons. (2009海南宁夏卷)
A. saved was teachers’ energy
B. was teachers’ energy saved
C. teachers’ energy was saved
D. was saved teachers’ energy
分析:考查“not only...but also...”。当not only放在句首作状语时,句子则要进行部分倒装。前一部分倒装,后一部分不倒装。选B。
三、 用“句子结构分析法”解答从句类试题
状语从句、定语从句以及名词性从句是高考测试的重点。
典例分析
(一) 名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。高考试题的考点往往集中在名词性从句的引导词上。因此,只有分析清楚句子结构,才能选出正确的引导词。
1. You can only be sure of_______you have at present;you cannot be sure of something_______you might get in the future.
A. that; whatB. what; /
C. which; that D. /; that
分析:本题考查名词性从句及定语从句。从句子结构来看,第一个空格内填入的词应该能够引导介词of后面的宾语从句,同时在从句中作have的宾语,因此选择what。第二个空格内应填关系代词that,引导something后的定语从句,that在句中作宾语时可以省略。因此选B。
2. Many young people in the West are expected to leave_______could be life’s most important decision_______marriage_______almost entirely up to luck.(2009江苏卷)
A. asB. that
C. which D. what
分析:本题考查what 引导名词性从句的用法。动词leave 后需要宾语,而且句的引导词要能充当从句的主语,只能选what,that 和which引导定语从句时,前面要有先行词。
3. The fact has worried many scientists ______ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. (2009江西卷)
A. whatB. which
C. that D. though
分析:本题考查同位语从句。that 作连词引导同位语从句,对the fact 进行补充说明,且that 不可省略。常见的可接同位语从句的名词有:news(消息)、 fact (事实)、idea(主意)、thought(想法)、hope(希望)、order (命令)等。
(二) where 引导的状语从句
_______unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former. (2009 江苏卷)
A. Before B. Where
C. Unless D. Until
分析:本题考查where作连接副词,引导地点状语从句。句变为“哪儿的失业率高,哪儿的犯罪就率高,那可以认为是前者导致后者的原因”。
(三) 定语从句
The house I grew up ________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. (2009江西卷)
A. in it B. in
C. in that D. in which
分析:主语后面紧跟的是定语从句,关系代词that / which 在这里可以省略,即The house ( which / that ) I grew up in,所以选B。
一、用“句子结构分析法”解答非谓语动词类试题
典例分析
(一) to do 不定式作目的状语
1. Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year,reduce unemployment pressures. (2009江苏卷)
A. helpB. to have helped
C. to helpD. having helped
2. All of them try to use the power of the workstation______information in a more effective way.(2009 北京卷)
A. presentingB. presented
C. being presented D. to present
分析:以上两题都考查to do 不定式作状语表示目的。
(二) v-ing 分词
1. Distinguished guests and friends, welcome to our school._______the ceremony of the 50th Anniversary this morning are our alumni (校友) from home and abroad. (2009 江苏卷)
A. AttendB. To attend
C. AttendingD. Having attended
分析:现在分词短语作表语前置,使句子平衡。
2. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _____all four people on board. (2009 上海卷)
A. killed B. killing
C. killsD. to kill
分析:v-ing形式作状语表示结果,所以选B。
3. I still remember to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. (2009 陕西卷)
A. to take B. to be taken
C. takingD. being taken
分析:remember后用非谓语动词做宾语时,可以用v-ing形式表示动作已经完成,用动词不定式,表示动作还未发生。根据后文的saw可知,此处非谓语动词动作已经完成,且与逻辑主语是被动关系,所以用v-ing的被动式,选D。
4. The government plans to bring in new laws _____ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children. (2009 江西卷)
A. forcedB. forcing
C. to be forced D. having forced
分析:用v-ing 形式作后置定语,修饰new laws,相当于定语从句which force…,所以选B。
(三) 过去分词
1. Every evening after dinner, if not ______ from work, I will spend some time walking my dog. (2009湖南卷)
A. being tired B. tiring
C. tired D. to be tired
分析:本题考查省略句和过去分词。在if 引导的条件状语从句中,如果从句中是“if+主语+be”的形式,且从句和主句的主语一致,则从句中的主语和be都可省略,从句的完整形式应为“if I am not tired from work”所选C。
2. Now that we've discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions?(2009全国卷1)
A. taking B. take
C. takenD. to take
分析:本题考查过去分词作定语。因为take 和decisions 为动宾关系,因此用过去分词表示被动。
二、 用“句子结构分析法”解答特殊句式类试题
典例分析
1. —Where did you get to know her?
—It was on the farm_______we worked. (2007山东卷)
A.thatB.there
C.which D.where
分析:如不对语境进行分析,有的考生会误选A项,误认为是考查强调句。应注意题干中所给的句子是一个不完整的句子,补充完整后应该是It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her. where引导定语从句,修饰farm,因此选D。
2. Hearing the dog barking fiercely, away _____.
A. fleeing the thief B. was fleeing the thief
C. the thief was fleeing D. fled the thief
分析:本题考察全部倒装。逗号之前的是-ing分词作状语,后面的主句必须有谓语动词;表示方位的副词位于句首要用全部倒装,即主谓完全颠倒,因此选D。
3. The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only_______, but students became more interested in the lessons. (2009海南宁夏卷)
A. saved was teachers’ energy
B. was teachers’ energy saved
C. teachers’ energy was saved
D. was saved teachers’ energy
分析:考查“not only...but also...”。当not only放在句首作状语时,句子则要进行部分倒装。前一部分倒装,后一部分不倒装。选B。
三、 用“句子结构分析法”解答从句类试题
状语从句、定语从句以及名词性从句是高考测试的重点。
典例分析
(一) 名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。高考试题的考点往往集中在名词性从句的引导词上。因此,只有分析清楚句子结构,才能选出正确的引导词。
1. You can only be sure of_______you have at present;you cannot be sure of something_______you might get in the future.
A. that; whatB. what; /
C. which; that D. /; that
分析:本题考查名词性从句及定语从句。从句子结构来看,第一个空格内填入的词应该能够引导介词of后面的宾语从句,同时在从句中作have的宾语,因此选择what。第二个空格内应填关系代词that,引导something后的定语从句,that在句中作宾语时可以省略。因此选B。
2. Many young people in the West are expected to leave_______could be life’s most important decision_______marriage_______almost entirely up to luck.(2009江苏卷)
A. asB. that
C. which D. what
分析:本题考查what 引导名词性从句的用法。动词leave 后需要宾语,而且句的引导词要能充当从句的主语,只能选what,that 和which引导定语从句时,前面要有先行词。
3. The fact has worried many scientists ______ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. (2009江西卷)
A. whatB. which
C. that D. though
分析:本题考查同位语从句。that 作连词引导同位语从句,对the fact 进行补充说明,且that 不可省略。常见的可接同位语从句的名词有:news(消息)、 fact (事实)、idea(主意)、thought(想法)、hope(希望)、order (命令)等。
(二) where 引导的状语从句
_______unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former. (2009 江苏卷)
A. Before B. Where
C. Unless D. Until
分析:本题考查where作连接副词,引导地点状语从句。句变为“哪儿的失业率高,哪儿的犯罪就率高,那可以认为是前者导致后者的原因”。
(三) 定语从句
The house I grew up ________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. (2009江西卷)
A. in it B. in
C. in that D. in which
分析:主语后面紧跟的是定语从句,关系代词that / which 在这里可以省略,即The house ( which / that ) I grew up in,所以选B。