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The issues associated with government vehicles， including the huge costs involved in their purchase and maintenance on top of their misuse as private vehicles， have long been criticized by the public in China.
According to the National Bureau of Statistics， of the Central Government’s 2013 spending in just three areas—hospitality， officials’ overseas trips， and government vehicles and maintenance—over 4.25 billion yuan （$686 million）， or 60 percent of the total of 7.15 billion yuan （$1.15 billion） went to cars alone. In 2013， vehicles were owned by 38 central government bodies and 389 affiliated institutions.
A recent report by national broadcaster China Central Television quoted researchers on government reform issues as saying that only about one third of government vehicle use is directly related to public business， while officials’and drivers’ private use take up the remaining two thirds.
In response to such concerns， China’s central authorities unveiled two directives on July 16， setting a detailed timetable for reform of the supply and use of government vehicles.
According to the directives， China will scrap the supply of vehicles for use in regular government affairs， while keeping those for special services such as law enforcement and emergencies.
Zeng Kanghua， a professor at the Beijingbased Central University of Finance and Economics， said that the excessive spending on and misuse of government vehicles may not only bring about a heavy burden on the state budget but also breed corruption.
“The move showcases the central authorities’ firm determination to solve such problems，” Zeng said.
Dedicated move
China began considering the reform of its government vehicle system back in 1994， when central authorities released a regulation on it for the first time.
However， in the following 20 years the number of government-funded vehicles saw a sharp rise. Several attempts by the Central Government to limit the number have failed， because they were not detailed or pragmatic enough to be implemented， according to media commentary.
Currently， there are more than 2 million government cars across the country， estimated Ye Qing， Deputy Director of the Hubei Provincial Bureau of Statistics， though the authorities have never released an actual number.
“After 20 years of arguing back and forth， we have finally seen a breakthrough，” Ye said， referring to the recent two directives. Cai Jiming， a professor at the Institute of Economics of Tsinghua University’s School of Humanities， is a member of an expert panel advising the newly launched government vehicle reform. He believes that the dynamics and range of the latest reform are unprecedented.
Chinese officials above a certain level have typically been provided a driver and car for their work， a significant drain on public funds.
Tong Zhiwei， a professor at the Shanghai-based East China University of Political Science and Law， estimated that the expenses on just one government vehicle may be up to 100，000 yuan （$16，150） every year.
Over the years， many officials have been found using government vehicles for private use， leading to widespread complaints about abuse of power. The media have often reported stories of drivers employed by government departments taking officials’ children to and from school or driving officials’ families on vacations.
According to the July 16 directives， the reform will cover Party organizations， government agencies， legislatures， political advisory bodies and judicial and procuratorial departments at all levels， as well as state-owned enterprises and public-service institutions.
The directives stipulate the cancellation of the provision of vehicles for officials at the bureau chief level and below. Meanwhile， subsidies will be allocated to cover transportation spending by affected officials. Those working in local governments will be subsidized according to their rank and transportation situation.
Under the reform plan， drivers and other staff who may be affected will be transferred to other positions within the government or be granted early retirement with an improved pension plan.
It is expected that 5，000 cars will be retired after central government bodies complete the reform at the end of this year. Leftover vehicles will be sold in open auctions and the income will be returned to the state treasury.
Local governments， however， are scheduled to finish implementing the reform by the end of 2015， with full implementation in other public-sector bodies expected in two to three years.
“These subsidies save a lot of money. It is also a move to guarantee that the government vehicle reform can proceed during the transition，” Tong said， adding that local authorities should make full use of car rental services.
Lian Weiliang， Vice Minister of the National Development and Reform Commission， said that the main point of the reform is to save money， and the total subsidized amount should be lower than the amount previously spent on government vehicles. “In the long run， the effect of the reform on finances will gradually appear，” said Wang Yongjun， Director of the Institute for Finance and Economics Research under the Central University of Finance and Economics.
According to Jia Kang， Director of the Research Institute for Fiscal Science under the Ministry of Finance， the reforms of this round will affect 800，000 local government vehicles and about 6，400 belonging to central government departments.
“The reform will reduce the administrative costs incurred through using government vehicles，” Jia said. For example， the costs for the central government vehicles will be lowered by 7-27 percent， he estimated. Furthermore， if other costs can be saved after the reform， such as the cost of purchasing and maintenance， fuel bills， parking fees， as well as the salaries for drivers and staff needed for the vehicles’upkeep， the overall savings rate will reach 50 percent.
“If we take the rumored 300 billion yuan（$48.45 billion） as the real costs of government vehicles annually， more than 150 billion yuan（$24.23 billion） of public money will be saved each year，” Jia said.
Challenges ahead
The reforms for government vehicles this time have received wide support， but difficulties and challenges must be clearly anticipated during the reform process， according to many observers.
“Direct challenges will come from af- fected officials，” said Wang with the Central University of Finance and Economics. “The reform will be against their interests， so they may try to find ways to circumvent the changes.”
Wang warned to heed some officials’ intention of continuing to use government cars while accepting the subsidy.
Ye with the Hubei Provincial Bureau of Statistics suggests making the punishments for using government vehicles for private purposes as clear as possible. “We can regard the practice as receiving bribes. For example， rental companies normally price full-day use of a Passat car at 300-400 yuan （$49-65）. If an official takes a Passat belonging to the government for private use， this is equivalent to embezzling 300-400 yuan per day，” he said. He also called for measures to prevent powerful officials from using their power to force lower-level units or enterprises to lend cars to them.
Vice Minister Lian said that the directives this time have strengthened the supervision measures， including six specific bans to prevent the private use of government vehicles. “Supervision from the whole society is also needed，” Lian said.
Another concern comes from the proposed auction process. In recent years， several under-the-table deals have been exposed that took place during auctions of local government vehicles. Many government cars fell back into officials’ or their drivers’ hands at a low price， causing the loss of state-owned assets.
“The fairness and transparency of the auctions of government vehicles are important in determining the success of the reform，” said Gao Bo， Vice Secretary General of the Research Center for Honest Politics under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
Gao suggested strengthening public supervision to guarantee the full fairness of the process. “Sunlight is always the best antiseptic. Aside from the detailed procedures and careful arrangement， the most important thing is to leave the auctioning process fully open and let the public clearly know the final results of the auctions，” Gao said.
According to the National Bureau of Statistics， of the Central Government’s 2013 spending in just three areas—hospitality， officials’ overseas trips， and government vehicles and maintenance—over 4.25 billion yuan （$686 million）， or 60 percent of the total of 7.15 billion yuan （$1.15 billion） went to cars alone. In 2013， vehicles were owned by 38 central government bodies and 389 affiliated institutions.
A recent report by national broadcaster China Central Television quoted researchers on government reform issues as saying that only about one third of government vehicle use is directly related to public business， while officials’and drivers’ private use take up the remaining two thirds.
In response to such concerns， China’s central authorities unveiled two directives on July 16， setting a detailed timetable for reform of the supply and use of government vehicles.
According to the directives， China will scrap the supply of vehicles for use in regular government affairs， while keeping those for special services such as law enforcement and emergencies.
Zeng Kanghua， a professor at the Beijingbased Central University of Finance and Economics， said that the excessive spending on and misuse of government vehicles may not only bring about a heavy burden on the state budget but also breed corruption.
“The move showcases the central authorities’ firm determination to solve such problems，” Zeng said.
Dedicated move
China began considering the reform of its government vehicle system back in 1994， when central authorities released a regulation on it for the first time.
However， in the following 20 years the number of government-funded vehicles saw a sharp rise. Several attempts by the Central Government to limit the number have failed， because they were not detailed or pragmatic enough to be implemented， according to media commentary.
Currently， there are more than 2 million government cars across the country， estimated Ye Qing， Deputy Director of the Hubei Provincial Bureau of Statistics， though the authorities have never released an actual number.
“After 20 years of arguing back and forth， we have finally seen a breakthrough，” Ye said， referring to the recent two directives. Cai Jiming， a professor at the Institute of Economics of Tsinghua University’s School of Humanities， is a member of an expert panel advising the newly launched government vehicle reform. He believes that the dynamics and range of the latest reform are unprecedented.
Chinese officials above a certain level have typically been provided a driver and car for their work， a significant drain on public funds.
Tong Zhiwei， a professor at the Shanghai-based East China University of Political Science and Law， estimated that the expenses on just one government vehicle may be up to 100，000 yuan （$16，150） every year.
Over the years， many officials have been found using government vehicles for private use， leading to widespread complaints about abuse of power. The media have often reported stories of drivers employed by government departments taking officials’ children to and from school or driving officials’ families on vacations.
According to the July 16 directives， the reform will cover Party organizations， government agencies， legislatures， political advisory bodies and judicial and procuratorial departments at all levels， as well as state-owned enterprises and public-service institutions.
The directives stipulate the cancellation of the provision of vehicles for officials at the bureau chief level and below. Meanwhile， subsidies will be allocated to cover transportation spending by affected officials. Those working in local governments will be subsidized according to their rank and transportation situation.
Under the reform plan， drivers and other staff who may be affected will be transferred to other positions within the government or be granted early retirement with an improved pension plan.
It is expected that 5，000 cars will be retired after central government bodies complete the reform at the end of this year. Leftover vehicles will be sold in open auctions and the income will be returned to the state treasury.
Local governments， however， are scheduled to finish implementing the reform by the end of 2015， with full implementation in other public-sector bodies expected in two to three years.
“These subsidies save a lot of money. It is also a move to guarantee that the government vehicle reform can proceed during the transition，” Tong said， adding that local authorities should make full use of car rental services.
Lian Weiliang， Vice Minister of the National Development and Reform Commission， said that the main point of the reform is to save money， and the total subsidized amount should be lower than the amount previously spent on government vehicles. “In the long run， the effect of the reform on finances will gradually appear，” said Wang Yongjun， Director of the Institute for Finance and Economics Research under the Central University of Finance and Economics.
According to Jia Kang， Director of the Research Institute for Fiscal Science under the Ministry of Finance， the reforms of this round will affect 800，000 local government vehicles and about 6，400 belonging to central government departments.
“The reform will reduce the administrative costs incurred through using government vehicles，” Jia said. For example， the costs for the central government vehicles will be lowered by 7-27 percent， he estimated. Furthermore， if other costs can be saved after the reform， such as the cost of purchasing and maintenance， fuel bills， parking fees， as well as the salaries for drivers and staff needed for the vehicles’upkeep， the overall savings rate will reach 50 percent.
“If we take the rumored 300 billion yuan（$48.45 billion） as the real costs of government vehicles annually， more than 150 billion yuan（$24.23 billion） of public money will be saved each year，” Jia said.
Challenges ahead
The reforms for government vehicles this time have received wide support， but difficulties and challenges must be clearly anticipated during the reform process， according to many observers.
“Direct challenges will come from af- fected officials，” said Wang with the Central University of Finance and Economics. “The reform will be against their interests， so they may try to find ways to circumvent the changes.”
Wang warned to heed some officials’ intention of continuing to use government cars while accepting the subsidy.
Ye with the Hubei Provincial Bureau of Statistics suggests making the punishments for using government vehicles for private purposes as clear as possible. “We can regard the practice as receiving bribes. For example， rental companies normally price full-day use of a Passat car at 300-400 yuan （$49-65）. If an official takes a Passat belonging to the government for private use， this is equivalent to embezzling 300-400 yuan per day，” he said. He also called for measures to prevent powerful officials from using their power to force lower-level units or enterprises to lend cars to them.
Vice Minister Lian said that the directives this time have strengthened the supervision measures， including six specific bans to prevent the private use of government vehicles. “Supervision from the whole society is also needed，” Lian said.
Another concern comes from the proposed auction process. In recent years， several under-the-table deals have been exposed that took place during auctions of local government vehicles. Many government cars fell back into officials’ or their drivers’ hands at a low price， causing the loss of state-owned assets.
“The fairness and transparency of the auctions of government vehicles are important in determining the success of the reform，” said Gao Bo， Vice Secretary General of the Research Center for Honest Politics under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
Gao suggested strengthening public supervision to guarantee the full fairness of the process. “Sunlight is always the best antiseptic. Aside from the detailed procedures and careful arrangement， the most important thing is to leave the auctioning process fully open and let the public clearly know the final results of the auctions，” Gao said.