十九世纪下半叶.左拉曾经自信地说:“真实具有自己的声音,我相信大家都不会听错。”那个时候,浪慢主义的玄奥与夸饰已经让人厌倦,实证论成为左拉们信奉的思想。不论是现实主义还是自然主义,作家们相信,重要的是让人们看到生活的真实纹理。根据雷蒙德·威廉斯的考证,这时的“艺术”具有了“真实”的涵义:“最为重要的是,大写字母开头的‘艺术’终于成为代表一种特殊的‘真实’——‘想象的真实’”。真 In the second half of the nineteenth century, Zola asserted confidently: “There is a real voice of mine, and I do not think everyone will get it wrong.” At that time, the mystery and exaltation of the chronic doctrine had become tiresome. Become Zola who believe in the idea. Whether realism or naturalism, writers believe that it is important for people to see the true texture of life. According to the research of Raymond Williams, “art” at this time has the meaning of “real”: “Most importantly, the ’art’ at the beginning of capital letters has finally become a special ’ Real ’-’ imagined real ’ ”. true