世界上没有一个国家不提倡爱国,但是恐怕没有哪一个国家像近代中国那样以之为最高道德标准,尤其对知识分子说来“民族大义”高过一切。中国古代主要是“天下”的概念,“国家”的含义随时代而异,“爱国”和“忠君”紧密相联。应该说现代民族国家意识是鸦片战争之后被列强的炮舰激发出来的,所以爱国也有了新的内涵, No country in the world does not advocate patriotism, but I am afraid that no country as the highest moral standard in modern China, especially for intellectuals, “nationalism” above everything else. Ancient China is mainly the concept of “the world”. The meaning of “state” varies from time to time, and “patriotism” and “allegiance” are closely linked. It should be said that the consciousness of the modern nation-state was inspired by the powerful gunboats after the Opium War, so patriotism also had new connotations,