波兰哲学家亚当·沙夫提出了幸福研究的两种方法:“肯定的”与“否定的”。肯定的方法以“幸福”为出发点,依循理性主义的思想理路,旨在超越“幸福感(观)”的纯粹主观性和绝对的不确定性,探究“幸福”本身的普遍性、客观性、必然性。否定的方法从“不幸”出发,依循经验主义的思想理路,在“消除不幸”的意义上创造和体验幸福。二者各有所长,相互补充。“否定的”方法以“肯定的”方法为前提,相对而言更加贴近人们的日常生活。它主张通过减缓和消除不幸实现幸福生活,这条日常演进之路不仅具有直接的现实批判性,也使“幸福”本身摆脱其抽象性,成为具体、可感知和可实践的。 Adam Schaff, a Polish philosopher, put forward two ways to study happiness: “positive” and “negative”. The affirmative approach takes “Happiness ” as its starting point and follows the rationalist line of reasoning in order to go beyond the pure subjectivity and absolute uncertainty of “happiness (outlook) ” and explore “happiness ” itself Universality, objectivity, necessity The method of negation starts from “misfortune ” and follows the way of empiricist thought to create and experience happiness in the sense of “eliminating unfortunate ”. Both have their own strengths, complement each other. “Negative ” method to “positive ” method as the premise, relatively speaking, more close to people’s daily lives. It advocates a happy life through the alleviation and elimination of misfortune. This road of daily evolution not only has direct realistic critique, but also makes “happiness” itself out of its abstractness and becomes concrete, perceivable and practicable.