An explicit illustration of pulmonary delivery processes (PDPs) was a prerequisite for the formulation design and optimization of carrier-based DPIs.However,the current evaluation approaches for DPIs could not provide precise investigation of each PDP separately,or the approaches merely used a simplified and idealized model.In the present study,a novel modular modified Sympatec HELOS (MMSH) was developed to fully investigate the mechanism of each PDP separately in real-time.An inhaler device,artificial throat and pre-separator were separately integrated with a Sympatec HELOS.The dispersion and fluidization,transportation,detachment and deposition processes of pulmonary delivery for model DPIs were explored under different flow rates.Moreover,time-sliced measurements were used to monitor the PDPs in real-time.The Next Generation Impactor (NGI) was applied to determine the aerosolization performance of the model DPIs.The release profiles of the drug particles,drug aggregations and carriers were obtained by MMSH in real-time.Each PDP of the DPIs was analyzed in detail.Moreover,a positive correlation was established between the total release amount of drug particles and the fine particle fraction (FPF) values (R2 =0.9898).The innovative MMSH was successfully developed and was capable of illustrating the PDPs and the mechanism of carrier-based DPIs,providing a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of carrier-based DPIs.