Microalgae and cyanobacteria are fundamental components of aquatic ecosystems.Pollu-tion in aquatic environment is a worldwide problem.Toxicological research on microalgae and cyanobacteria can help to establish a solid foundation for aquatic ecotoxicological as-sessments.Algae and cyanobacteria occupy a large proportion of the biomass in aquatic environments;thus,their toxicological responses have been investigated extensively.How-ever,the depth of toxic mechanisms and breadth of toxicological investigations need to be improved.While existing pollutants are being discharged into the environment daily,new ones are also being produced continuously.As a result,the phenomenon of water pollution has become unprecedentedly complex.In this review,we summarize the latest findings on five kinds of aquatic pollutants,namely,metals,nanomaterials,pesticides,pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs),and persistent organic pollutants(POPs).Further,we present information on emerging pollutants such as graphene,microplastics,and ionic liq-uids.Efforts in studying the toxicological effects of pollutants on microalgae and cyanobac-teria must be increased in order to better predict the potential risks posed by these materials to aquatic ecosystems as well as human health.