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断裂活动对大型水工建设的危害有两种形式。一种是突发性的断裂活动,主要表现为地震。一次强烈地震造成的断裂活动量可高达8米或更大。表4为世界部分大地震时,地面变位的情况。表5为1981年以来,日本几次大地震造成的地震断层。在表4中,最大的水平变位达20米,最大的垂直变位达14.1米。在表5中,最大的水平位移和垂直位移也分别为8米和6米。这种形式的断裂活动,对构筑物的破坏是显而易见的。另一种是断层经常的小规模的活动,也称为断层的“蠕动”,以美国西部的圣安德列斯断层最为典型。美国西部海岸是主要的地震区,很多大地震与圣安德列斯断层的活动有关。
There are two forms of danger that the fracture activity can harm the construction of large-scale hydraulic structures. One is a sudden fault activity, mainly as an earthquake. The amount of fault activity caused by a strong earthquake can be up to 8 meters or more. Table 4 shows the ground displacements during some major earthquakes in the world. Table 5 shows the seismogenic faults caused by several major earthquakes in Japan since 1981. In Table 4, the maximum horizontal displacement is 20 meters and the maximum vertical displacement is 14.1 meters. In Table 5, the maximum horizontal and vertical displacements are also 8 and 6 meters, respectively. This form of fracture activity, the destruction of the structure is obvious. The other is the faulting and small-scale activity, also called “creep” of the fault, with the most typical San Andreas fault in the western United States. The western coast of the United States is the major seismic zone, and many large earthquakes are related to the activities of the San Andres Fault.