阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔(1842-1924)强调归纳与演绎的相互依赖,认为仅从经济理论中进行推理是一件很危险的事情。把“理解和观察”的能力作为优秀经济学家的必需,推崇德国学者屠能将事实合理分类、整理、分析,继而推出一般结论的研究方法。他始终执迷于真实经济世界的复杂性,持久地观察,孜孜不倦地寻找事实性内容,成为“实践中的传教士”。只要是经济生活、经济关系呈现的地方,只要是人们进行社会实践的地方,都成为他的“田野”。不仅在做“经济 Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) emphasizes the interdependence of induction and deduction, arguing that it is a dangerous matter to reason only from economic theory. The ability to ”understand and observe“ as a necessity for good economists advocates that German scholars can categorize, organize and analyze the facts in a reasonable manner and then put forward a general conclusion research method. He has always obsessed with the complexity of the real economic world, persistently observes, and tirelessly searches for factual content to become ”missionaries in practice.“ As long as economic life, where economic relations appear, as long as people where social practice, have become his ”field.“ Not only doing ”economy