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“障碍”一词的采用表明了《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》限制免责适用范围的意图。“障碍”对履行的影响,应将瑕疵履行、艰难情形排除在外,而限于履行不能。构成障碍的情形,难作穷尽式的列举,在适用时,应以超出债务人的控制为依据,并结合既有的类型化成果来加以判定。不能预见性、不能避免性与不能克服性三个特征,表明了立法者在风险分配上的认识,以及对债务人所提出的采取合理措施以履行义务的要求。上述诸点明确后,《公约》第79条的适用就有了较清晰的标准。
The use of the word “obstacle” indicates the intention of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods to limit the scope of exemption. The impact of “obstacles” on performance should exclude flaws and difficult situations, but should not be limited to performance. The circumstances that constitute an obstacle are hard to enumerate exhaustively and should, where applicable, be based on the control of the debtor and in combination with the existing typed outcomes. Unpredictability and unavoidable three characteristics of sexuality and insurmountableness show the legislators’ understanding of risk distribution and the requirements of the debtor to take reasonable measures to fulfill their obligations. After the above points are clear, there is a clearer standard for the application of Article 79 of the Convention.