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在古代哲学家那里，哲学是一种对一个人的存在方式和生活方式的转变与改造，是对智慧的追求。哲学能够带来思想的平静、内在的自由以及宇宙意识。哲学以一种“治疗剂”的方式呈现它自己，目的是治疗人类的苦恼。哲学将自身展示为获得独立与内在自由的一种途径，并且，在这种状态里，自我意识只依赖于它自身。哲学被当作哲学著述只是中世纪以后的事情。“,”For ancient philosophers, philosophy is a kind of transformation and modification of mode of exist-ence and lifestyle, as well as a pursuit of wisdom, and philosophy brings about peace of mind, inner freedom and cosmic awareness. Philosophy presents itself as a remedy of curing human bewilderment, and manifests itself as a path of pursuit for independence and inner freedom, where self-concept solely relies on itself. As for philosophy be-ing seen as philosophy texts and books, it was after the medieval times.