波兰是东欧对国有企业实施私有化较晚而又见效较早的国家,其国有企业重组主要有两种方式:一种是政府建立15个占支配地位的企业外部所有者的国家投资基金会,在512家大中型国有企业最终私有化之前,对他们进行管理和重组。国家投资基金只对企业少量持股,政府扮演“被动投资者”角色。另一种方式是政府确定几个关键性行业部门,将其企业的股份保留在财政部,实施国家对关键行业的控股,并直接介入这些公司的治理。 Poland is a country that Eastern Europe has used to privatize state-owned enterprises, but it has worked earlier. There are mainly two ways to restructure state-owned enterprises: one is the establishment of a national investment foundation with 15 external owners of the dominant enterprises. Before the final privatization of 512 large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, they were managed and reorganized. The state investment fund only holds a small amount of shares in the company, and the government plays the role of “passive investor”. Another way is for the government to identify several key industry sectors, keep its corporate shares in the Ministry of Finance, implement state control over key industries, and directly intervene in the governance of these companies.