从总体上讲,直到19世纪中期,中国在处理国际政治经济关系方面的技巧,并未见有新的进展。之所以如此,其基本原因是,人们坚信行之已久的朝贡制度依然是一种有效的国际关系制度。尽管满清帝国的肇始地远离中原儒家文化中心区域,但是王朝的统治者很快接受并融入了这个等级体系, On the whole, until the middle of the 19th century, no new progress was made in China’s skills in handling international political and economic relations. The basic reason for this is that people firmly believe that the long-established tributary system remains an effective system of international relations. Although the beginning of the Manchu Empire was far away from the Central Plains Confucian cultural center, the ruler of the dynasty quickly accepted and integrated into this hierarchy,