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大分子物质入核是靠其核内定位序列 (NLS) ,而核内输出是靠其核输出信号 (NES)。不同的NLS和NES直接或靠配体间接的被转运受体识别。目前确定的转运受体都属于同一家族 -Karyopherins家族 ,它们可以在核和胞质间穿梭 ,可以与小的RanGTPase以及核孔蛋白相结合。RanGTPase调节转运受体与转运物、配体、核孔蛋白间的结合 ,而这是决定核孔转运的关键。然而一部分受体转运物复合物通过核孔复合体 (NPC)并不需要Ran水解GTP。
Macromolecular substances into the nucleus by its nuclear localization sequence (NLS), and nuclear output is by its nuclear output signal (NES). Different NLS and NES are directly or indirectly recognized by transported receptors. The currently identified transporters all belong to the same family of karyopherins, which shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm and can bind to small RanGTPase and nucleoporin. RanGTPase regulates the binding of transporters to transporters, ligands, and nuclear porins, and this is the key to determining nuclear translocation. However, part of the receptor transporter complex does not require Ran to hydrolyze GTP through the nuclear pore complex (NPC).