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红冠(Richard)和红星(Starking)品种都是由元帅(Delicious)芽变而来。但两个品种的果实色相和着色面积不一样。红冠品种的果实色相以片红为主,着色面积较大;红星品种的果实色相以条红为主,果面着色面积较小。Misic和Tesovic(1976)做过表皮细胞层色素的检查,认为元帅和红冠品种的表皮含有色素细胞的数目是相同的,但在亚表皮层(L_2)红冠品种含有色素的细胞却比元帅品种多两倍。红冠品种的红色传递能力强于元帅品种。
The varieties of Richard and Starking come from the Delicious bud. But two varieties of fruit hue and coloring area is not the same. The red hue varieties of fruit hues are flaky red, coloring area larger; red star varieties of fruit hue stripely, fruit coloring area smaller. Misic and Tesovic (1976) examined the pigment in the epidermal cell layer and found that the number of epidermal cells containing the pigment cells in the mandarin and the red-capped varieties was the same. However, in the sub-epidermis (L_2) Twice as many varieties. Red crown varieties of red transmission ability is better than Marshal varieties.