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腹膜是结直肠癌常见的转移部位，与其他转移部位相比预后较差。早期的观点认为，腹膜转移是疾病的终末状态，全身化疗为主的姑息性治疗是其主要治疗手段。随着肿瘤细胞减灭术（CRS）+腹腔热灌注化疗（HIPEC）的治疗模式逐渐得到外科医生的认可，以及靶向治疗和免疫药物的应用，结直肠癌腹膜转移患者的预后得到了很大改善。然而，结直肠癌腹膜转移的诊治仍面临很多挑战和争议。本文从对结直肠癌腹膜转移的认识演变出发，讨论了腹膜转移可能的机制，包括“寡转移”学说和“种子-土壤”学说；进一步探讨了结直肠癌腹膜转移的诊治策略及面临的挑战，包括影像学检查的局限性、腹腔镜探查的争议、腹膜转移负荷评估困难、术后复发监测和疗效评估手段有限以及中国不同地区间诊治水平差异较大等问题。同时强调了CRS+HIPEC围手术期多学科管理的重要性，并提出应加强腹膜转移的基础与临床转化研究，推广腹膜转移的规范化诊治是提高结直肠癌腹膜转移患者预后的根本。“,”Peritoneum is a common metastatic site of colorectal cancer and has worse prognosis compared with other metastatic sites. Peritoneal metastasis was previously considered as a terminal state of the disease, and palliative treatment with systemic chemotherapy was the main treatment method. With the gradual acceptance of the cytoreductive surgery (CRS) + hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) treatment model by surgeons and the application of targeted and immunotherapeutic drugs, the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer peritoneal metastasis has been greatly improved. However, the diagnosis and treatment of peritoneal metastasis still face many challenges and controversies. Based on the evolution of the understanding of colorectal cancer peritoneal metastasis, the possible mechanisms of peritoneal metastasis are discussed, including the theory of “oligometastases” and the theory of “seed and soil”. Besides, we further investigate the diagnosis and treatment strategies of colorectal cancer peritoneal metastasis and the facing challenges, including the limitations of imaging examination, the controversy of laparoscopic exploration, the difficulty in assessing peritoneal metastatic load, the limited means of postoperative recurrence monitoring and efficacy evaluation, and the significant variation in the diagnosis and treatment level among different regions of China. Meanwhile, we emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary perioperative management of CRS+HIPEC, and propose that the basic and clinical transformation research of peritoneal metastasis should be strengthened, and the promotion of standardized diagnosis and treatment of peritoneal metastasis is the key to improve the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer peritoneal metastasis.