一、公共商品与公共选择 (一)公共选择与国库制度的民主决策。 根据商品在消费上是否具有排它性和竞争性可以把商品分成私人商品和公共商品两大类。私人商品通常兼有排它性和竞争性这两个特征。而公共商品则必须同时具有非排它性和非竞争性。公共商品不限于物质产品,一些由政府提供的非物质产品和服务也是公共商品,如法律、规章、政策、环境保护、天气预报、消防、社会保障、失业保险,甚至有效率的政府本身也被视为一种公共商品。公共商品的生产同私人商品的生产一样,都是社会成员通过交易各自获益的行动的结果。人们通过公共商品的消费获得满足,人们缴纳的税款则是为公 First, public goods and public choice (a) public choice and the treasury system of democratic decision-making. According to whether the consumption of goods in an exclusive and competitive can be divided into private goods and public goods into two categories. Private goods are usually both exclusive and competitive characteristics. Public goods must be both non-exclusive and non-competitive. Public goods are not limited to material goods. Some non-material goods and services provided by the government are also public goods such as laws, regulations, policies, environmental protection, weather forecasting, fire protection, social security, unemployment insurance and even the government itself, which is efficient As a public good. The production of public goods, like the production of private goods, is the result of actions by which members of the society benefit from the transaction. People are satisfied by the consumption of public goods, and the tax they pay is public