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宾语从句是初中英语中很重要的语法项目,是学生英语学习的重点和难点。它更是中考试题中倍受青睐的考试内容,出现频率高,分值大,题型多样。为了更好地帮助大家理解其中的内容,下面给予详尽的解释:
一、宾语从句的基本知识
1.概念:我们把在复合句中作主句宾语的句子叫作宾语从句。
2.可接宾语从句的动词有say, tell, think, know, see, hear, hope, guess, find, feel等,或由形容词构成的系表结构,如:afraid, sure, glad, sorry等。
3.宾语从句的标点符号。
宾语从句的标点符号取决于主句,如果主句是陈述句,句尾用句号;如果主句是疑问句,句尾用问号。
4.引导词。
1)that(从句是陈述句时,引导词用that,它本身无词义,不充当成分,在口语中可省略,但在正式场合不可省。)
2)if或whether(从句是一般疑问句时用if 或whether,含义是“是否”。)
if和whether在一般情况下可以互换,但在构成whether…or not句式时只用whether。
3)连接代词、连接副词(从句是特殊疑问句时用。)
连接代词:what, which, who, whose
连接副词:when, where, how, why
5.宾语从句的同义句转换。
在宾语从句中经常会出现“疑问词+动词不定式”的结构,它可与“疑问词+主语+情态动词+动词原形”进行同义句转换。如:
Can you tell me how I can get to the station? →
Can you tell me how to get to the station?
6.宾语从句的语序。
宾语从句的语序都用陈述句语序(即正常的主语+谓语的语序)。如:
He says that Jim will miss a lot of lessons.
He asked whether we should hold a sports meeting.
Do you know what the population of Dalian is?
7.宾语从句的时态。
1)主句是一般现在时,从句可根据需要选用任何时态。如:
He says that he is good at English.
He says that he has been ill for two days.
I don’t know if he will come tomorrow.
2)主句是一般过去时,从句可根据需要用相应的过去的某种时态。(即一般过去时、过去将来时、过去完成时等)。如:
He asked me where I lived.
He said that she had been ill for two days.
She said that she would return soon.
3)当从句讲述的是客观事实或真理时,从句时态不受主句的影响,都用一般现在时。如:
The teacher said that light travels faster than sound.
He said that the earth is round.
特例:Could you tell me…, Would you tell me…表示委婉的语气,常按照一般现在时处理。如:
Could you tell me where the nearest hospital is?
8.宾语从句中不再有助动词。即一般现在时的助动词do, does,一般过去时的助动词did不再出现。如:
Do you like speaking English? He wants to know. (改为复合句)→
He wants to know if you like speaking English.
9.宾语从句变否定句。
如果主句的主语是第一人称I或we 时,并且谓语动词多为think, guess, believe等表示心理活动的词时,变否定句时要进行否定转移,即否定主句。否则,从句变否定句。如:
I think chicken can swim. (变否定句)→I don’t think chicken can swim.
He said that he would go shopping. (变否定句)→He said that he would not go shopping.
10.宾语从句变反意疑问句。
如果主句的主语是第一人称I或we时,变反意疑问句时看从句。如果主句主语不是第一人称时则看主句。如:
I think he is a good student, isn’t he?
They want to know if he is a good student, don’t they?
二、宾语从句的考点
1.从句的引导词。
宾语从句要由连接代词或连接副词来引导。主要的连接代词有:who, whom, whose, which和that。连接副词有:when, where, why和how。除了that,其它代词或副词在句子中担任一定的句子成分,具有一定的意义,因此that常被省略。当然,如果宾语从句部分原来是一般疑问句时,从句就要用副词if或whether来引导。如:
1)“We have no idea ____ he is.” “They say he is a policeman.”
A. whom B. what C. which D. who
解析:从下句he is a policeman可以推断出,上句的提问应是职业,所以选B。
2.从句的语序。
一般来讲,宾语从句的语序为:连接代词或连接副词+主语+谓语+其它成分,即使从句带有疑问的含义,也不能用疑问句的语序。也就是说,that引导的宾语从句语序基本不变,而宾语从句部分原来是疑问句语序的要转为陈述句语序。如:
2)“Could you please tell me ____?” “Go upstairs and turn left.”
A. what is the teacher’s office B. what the teacher’s office is
C. where is the teacher’s office D. where the teacher’s office is
解析:从答语go upstairs and turn left可以推断出,上句提问的是where,排除选项A和B,再从从句语序考虑,应排除C,故选D。
3.从句的时态。
从教材所给的内容,我们可以归纳出宾语从句中动词时态的用法:主句的动词如果是现在时态,宾语从句中的动词可以根据实际情况用不同的时态,如一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、一般将来时等。主句的动词如果是过去时态,宾语从句中的动词要采用相应的某种过去时态,如一般过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时等。但要清楚:主句中类似Could you…?Would you…?的句式并不表示过去,只是一种语气的需要,仍看作是一般现在时。如:
3)“Would you please tell me when ____?” “At 10:25, in ten minutes.”
A. the bus will leave B. will the bus leave
C. the bus has left D. the bus had left
解析:Would you please…?并不表示过去,只是一种语气的需要,仍看作是一般现在时,所以先排除D。从in ten minutes表示将来推断,应排除C,再考虑语序,应排除B,故选A。
值得一提的是:当从句表示的是客观真理、谚语或其它不受时间限制、影响的事物时,从句的时态不随主句的时态而变化,仍用固定不变的一般现在时态。如:
4)Long, long ago people didn’t know that the earth moves round the sun.
很久以前人们不知道地球绕着太阳转。
三、实战演练
1. “When will the sports meeting be held?” “It depends on ____ it rains the day after
tomorrow.”
A. when B. whether C. why D. that
2. Could you tell me ____ that’s a fast train or not?
A. if B. weather C. whether D. /
3. Can you tell me ____?
A. where is the post office B. the post office is where
C. where the post office is D. is where the post office
4. “What did the little girl ask you?” “She asked ____.”
A. how she can get to the post office B. whether I could help to find her mother
C. who was I D. where I live
5. “Do you know ____?” “Last Sunday. And I went to the station to see him off.”
A. when John went to Shanghai B. when did John go to Shanghai
C. that John had gone to Shanghai D. when John has been to Shanghai
6. “Where is David?” “I think he ____ Australia.”
A. has gone to B. has been C. has gone D. has been to
7. She was so angry at ____ he was doing ____ she walked out and closed the door heavily behind her.
A. what; that B. that; what C. that; that D. what; what
【答案与解析】1.B后一句话的意思是“它取决于后天是否会下雨”,因此一般疑问句作宾语从句时,引导词用whether比较合适,故选B。2.C此句主要强调whether与or not的搭配关系,而weather是干扰项。3.C宾语从句的语序为:连接代词或连接副词+主语+谓语+其它成分。4.B由主句She asked可推断出从句应考虑用相应的过去时态,先排除A和D,再联系从句语序,排除C,故选B。5.A从last Sunday推断出上句提问的是“过去某时”,所以排除答案C和D,从语序考虑应排除B,故选A。6.A has been to和has gone to都可以表示去了某地,但两者在语义上有差别:has been to…表示曾到过某处,但现在人未在那里;has gone to…表示已经去了某地,现在可能在途中或已经在那儿了。上句的提问可以看出David去了澳大利亚,应排除答案B和D,再从go to some place考虑,应排除C,故选A。7.A显然She was so angry at 后面接的是一个宾语从句,用what比较合适,意思是“她对他在做的事是如此的生气”,排除答案B和C。再从句子前后的意思和句型so…that考虑,排除答案D,故选A。
一、宾语从句的基本知识
1.概念:我们把在复合句中作主句宾语的句子叫作宾语从句。
2.可接宾语从句的动词有say, tell, think, know, see, hear, hope, guess, find, feel等,或由形容词构成的系表结构,如:afraid, sure, glad, sorry等。
3.宾语从句的标点符号。
宾语从句的标点符号取决于主句,如果主句是陈述句,句尾用句号;如果主句是疑问句,句尾用问号。
4.引导词。
1)that(从句是陈述句时,引导词用that,它本身无词义,不充当成分,在口语中可省略,但在正式场合不可省。)
2)if或whether(从句是一般疑问句时用if 或whether,含义是“是否”。)
if和whether在一般情况下可以互换,但在构成whether…or not句式时只用whether。
3)连接代词、连接副词(从句是特殊疑问句时用。)
连接代词:what, which, who, whose
连接副词:when, where, how, why
5.宾语从句的同义句转换。
在宾语从句中经常会出现“疑问词+动词不定式”的结构,它可与“疑问词+主语+情态动词+动词原形”进行同义句转换。如:
Can you tell me how I can get to the station? →
Can you tell me how to get to the station?
6.宾语从句的语序。
宾语从句的语序都用陈述句语序(即正常的主语+谓语的语序)。如:
He says that Jim will miss a lot of lessons.
He asked whether we should hold a sports meeting.
Do you know what the population of Dalian is?
7.宾语从句的时态。
1)主句是一般现在时,从句可根据需要选用任何时态。如:
He says that he is good at English.
He says that he has been ill for two days.
I don’t know if he will come tomorrow.
2)主句是一般过去时,从句可根据需要用相应的过去的某种时态。(即一般过去时、过去将来时、过去完成时等)。如:
He asked me where I lived.
He said that she had been ill for two days.
She said that she would return soon.
3)当从句讲述的是客观事实或真理时,从句时态不受主句的影响,都用一般现在时。如:
The teacher said that light travels faster than sound.
He said that the earth is round.
特例:Could you tell me…, Would you tell me…表示委婉的语气,常按照一般现在时处理。如:
Could you tell me where the nearest hospital is?
8.宾语从句中不再有助动词。即一般现在时的助动词do, does,一般过去时的助动词did不再出现。如:
Do you like speaking English? He wants to know. (改为复合句)→
He wants to know if you like speaking English.
9.宾语从句变否定句。
如果主句的主语是第一人称I或we 时,并且谓语动词多为think, guess, believe等表示心理活动的词时,变否定句时要进行否定转移,即否定主句。否则,从句变否定句。如:
I think chicken can swim. (变否定句)→I don’t think chicken can swim.
He said that he would go shopping. (变否定句)→He said that he would not go shopping.
10.宾语从句变反意疑问句。
如果主句的主语是第一人称I或we时,变反意疑问句时看从句。如果主句主语不是第一人称时则看主句。如:
I think he is a good student, isn’t he?
They want to know if he is a good student, don’t they?
二、宾语从句的考点
1.从句的引导词。
宾语从句要由连接代词或连接副词来引导。主要的连接代词有:who, whom, whose, which和that。连接副词有:when, where, why和how。除了that,其它代词或副词在句子中担任一定的句子成分,具有一定的意义,因此that常被省略。当然,如果宾语从句部分原来是一般疑问句时,从句就要用副词if或whether来引导。如:
1)“We have no idea ____ he is.” “They say he is a policeman.”
A. whom B. what C. which D. who
解析:从下句he is a policeman可以推断出,上句的提问应是职业,所以选B。
2.从句的语序。
一般来讲,宾语从句的语序为:连接代词或连接副词+主语+谓语+其它成分,即使从句带有疑问的含义,也不能用疑问句的语序。也就是说,that引导的宾语从句语序基本不变,而宾语从句部分原来是疑问句语序的要转为陈述句语序。如:
2)“Could you please tell me ____?” “Go upstairs and turn left.”
A. what is the teacher’s office B. what the teacher’s office is
C. where is the teacher’s office D. where the teacher’s office is
解析:从答语go upstairs and turn left可以推断出,上句提问的是where,排除选项A和B,再从从句语序考虑,应排除C,故选D。
3.从句的时态。
从教材所给的内容,我们可以归纳出宾语从句中动词时态的用法:主句的动词如果是现在时态,宾语从句中的动词可以根据实际情况用不同的时态,如一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、一般将来时等。主句的动词如果是过去时态,宾语从句中的动词要采用相应的某种过去时态,如一般过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时等。但要清楚:主句中类似Could you…?Would you…?的句式并不表示过去,只是一种语气的需要,仍看作是一般现在时。如:
3)“Would you please tell me when ____?” “At 10:25, in ten minutes.”
A. the bus will leave B. will the bus leave
C. the bus has left D. the bus had left
解析:Would you please…?并不表示过去,只是一种语气的需要,仍看作是一般现在时,所以先排除D。从in ten minutes表示将来推断,应排除C,再考虑语序,应排除B,故选A。
值得一提的是:当从句表示的是客观真理、谚语或其它不受时间限制、影响的事物时,从句的时态不随主句的时态而变化,仍用固定不变的一般现在时态。如:
4)Long, long ago people didn’t know that the earth moves round the sun.
很久以前人们不知道地球绕着太阳转。
三、实战演练
1. “When will the sports meeting be held?” “It depends on ____ it rains the day after
tomorrow.”
A. when B. whether C. why D. that
2. Could you tell me ____ that’s a fast train or not?
A. if B. weather C. whether D. /
3. Can you tell me ____?
A. where is the post office B. the post office is where
C. where the post office is D. is where the post office
4. “What did the little girl ask you?” “She asked ____.”
A. how she can get to the post office B. whether I could help to find her mother
C. who was I D. where I live
5. “Do you know ____?” “Last Sunday. And I went to the station to see him off.”
A. when John went to Shanghai B. when did John go to Shanghai
C. that John had gone to Shanghai D. when John has been to Shanghai
6. “Where is David?” “I think he ____ Australia.”
A. has gone to B. has been C. has gone D. has been to
7. She was so angry at ____ he was doing ____ she walked out and closed the door heavily behind her.
A. what; that B. that; what C. that; that D. what; what
【答案与解析】1.B后一句话的意思是“它取决于后天是否会下雨”,因此一般疑问句作宾语从句时,引导词用whether比较合适,故选B。2.C此句主要强调whether与or not的搭配关系,而weather是干扰项。3.C宾语从句的语序为:连接代词或连接副词+主语+谓语+其它成分。4.B由主句She asked可推断出从句应考虑用相应的过去时态,先排除A和D,再联系从句语序,排除C,故选B。5.A从last Sunday推断出上句提问的是“过去某时”,所以排除答案C和D,从语序考虑应排除B,故选A。6.A has been to和has gone to都可以表示去了某地,但两者在语义上有差别:has been to…表示曾到过某处,但现在人未在那里;has gone to…表示已经去了某地,现在可能在途中或已经在那儿了。上句的提问可以看出David去了澳大利亚,应排除答案B和D,再从go to some place考虑,应排除C,故选A。7.A显然She was so angry at 后面接的是一个宾语从句,用what比较合适,意思是“她对他在做的事是如此的生气”,排除答案B和C。再从句子前后的意思和句型so…that考虑,排除答案D,故选A。