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20世纪70年代,美国推行“强硬应对犯罪”政策和“刑罚严厉革命”政策,以《联邦量刑指南》为重要举措的定期刑改革是其关键一环。《美国法典》第18主题与指南手册规定了指南的强制性效力。然而,指南的合宪性自始面临拷问,遂导致指南强制性在判例群中逐而瓦解。2005年,美国联邦最高法院在Booker案判决中剔除了关于指南的强制性效力的条款,指南效力由强制性转为建议性。自此,指南在实践适用中发生不小改变,但仍然获得较好遵循。以优良法规范之根本标准——有效性、公正性谛视指南,发现指南的被认可度较高,其即量刑实践理性之体现,建议性指南是实现量刑公正的优良工具。
In the 1970s, the United States implemented the “tough-handed crime” policy and the “serious criminal punishment” policy. The periodic penal reform with the “Federal Sentencing Guide” as its important measure was a key link. Title 18 of the U.S. Code and Guidance Manual define the mandatory effect of the guide. However, the constitutionality of the guideline was faced with interrogation from the beginning, which led to the guideline’s mandatory disintegration in the jurisprudence group. In 2005, the Supreme Court of the United States dropped the clause on the mandatory effect of the guideline in the Booker judgment, with the guideline changing from mandatory to suggestive. Since then, there has been no small change in the practical application of the guidelines, but they still get better compliance. Taking the basic criterion of good law norm - validity and impartiality, the author discovers that the guide is highly approved, which is the embodiment of sentencing practice. The suggestion guideline is an excellent tool to realize sentencing justice.