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孤独症谱系障碍可能是由遗传因素和环境因素共同导致的异质性神经发育障碍性疾病，其患病率呈逐年上升趋势，对家庭和社会带来巨大的经济和精神负担。目前对于孤独症谱系障碍的诊断主要以临床症状及量表测量为主，寻找相对特异的生物标志物对其早期诊断具有重要意义。microRNAs是基因表达转录后的调节因子，是包括神经发育在内的各种细胞发育过程中突出的表观遗传调节剂。它们大量存在于大脑中，其功能障碍与包括孤独症谱系障碍在内的神经精神疾病有关。现就microRNA在孤独症谱系障碍中的表达、靶基因及参与的信号通路的研究进展作一综述。“,”Perhaps, autism spectrum disorder is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder and is caused by genetic and environmental factors.Its prevalence is increasing year by year, thus bringing huge economic and mental burden to family and society.At present, the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder is mainly based on clinical symptoms and scale measurement.Finding the relatively specific biomarkers is of great significance for early diagnosis.microRNAs are regulators of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level and are prominent epigenetic regulators of various cellular processes such as neurodevelopment.They are abundantly present in brain, and their dysfunction was implicated in an array of neuropathological conditions, involving autism spectrum disorder.This article reviewed the progress of microRNA expression, target genes and involved signaling pathways in autism spectrum disorder.