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在我们理解的西方文化里,启蒙运动对宗教的质疑以及法国大革命以后不断出现的对教会的打击,都因为社会和政治的原因而被解读为具有合理性和历史进步意义的。在法国特定的历史语境里,出现宗教批判、甚至宗教迫害,在一定程度上都可以追溯其原因到教会与“旧制度”的密切联系以及教会在较长时期内采纳的保守政治立场。教宗利奥十三意识到教会的这一问题,开始呼吁教徒接受共和民主制度。与此同时,他也尖锐批评了大革命以后法国政治中的极权主义倾向以及空前膨胀的国家权威,特别是法国共和政府一系列限制教会在教育和其他公共领域活动的政策。利奥以及后来的学者都注意到,与美国的情况相反,法国的共和民主政治中确有国家权力过度介入文化和宗教的问题。由观察这段历史可以得出的一个结论是,虽然启蒙运动人士以及法国共和民主人士对宗教的批判具有特定的历史缘由,将现代社会与宗教信仰对立起来的倾向却是他们留给后人的一个值得质疑的思想遗产,不宜被当作一个通用公式来接受。
In our understanding of Western culture, the questioning of religion by the Enlightenment and the continuing crackdown on the Church after the French Revolution were all interpreted as justified and historically progressive for social and political reasons. In certain historical contexts of France, the occurrence of religious criticism and even religious persecution can be traced back to some extent to the close relationship between the church and the “old system” and the conservative political position adopted by the Church over a longer period of time . Pope Leo thirteen, aware of the church’s problems, began to call on Christians to accept republican democracy. At the same time, he also sharply criticized the totalitarian tendencies in French politics after the Great Revolution as well as the unprecedented expansion of state authority. In particular, the French government has a series of policies that restrict the church’s activities in education and other public areas. Leo and later scholars all noticed that, contrary to the situation in the United States, there was indeed a problem of the excessive involvement of state power in culture and religion in the Republican democratic politics in France. One conclusion that can be drawn from the observation of this period of history is that although the Enlightenment and the French Democrats have specific historical reasons for the critique of religion, it is their tendency to confront modern society with religious beliefs A questionable intellectual heritage should not be accepted as a general formula.