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一、动作意味的强弱不同
1. 过去分词用作表语时,其动作意味很弱,在功能上接近形容词的用法。如:
Be prepared! 大家准备好!
I was interested in everything I saw. 我对看到的一切都感兴趣。
I’m puzzled about the situation. 我对局势感到迷惑不解。
2. 被动语态中的过去分词动作意味较强,其意为“被……”。如:
He was driven away in a police car. 他被警车带走了。
The guests were introduced to Jane. 客人们被介绍给了简。
The food was cooked last night. 食物是昨天晚上煮的。
二、所搭配的动词be性质不同
1. 过去分词作表语时,所搭配的动词be为系动词;而过去分词构成被动语态时,所搭配的动词be为助动词。如:
The vase is broken. 花瓶打破了。(is为系动词)
The vase was broken by my sister. 花瓶是我妹妹打破的。(was为助动词)
The room was crowded with people. 房里挤满了人。(was为系动词)
Ten people were crowded into one room. 十个人被挤进一间屋里。(were为助动词)
2. 过去分词作表语时,除搭配系动词be外,还可搭配其他系动词(如remain,seem,look,appeared,grow,get等)。如:
Please remain seated. 请不要站起来。
He seemed embarrassed. 他似乎有点尴尬。
Soon he grew used to it. 不久他变得对它习惯了。
She looked astonished at the news. 听到这消息她显得很吃惊。
Everybody got excited about the boat trip. 大家对坐船游览都倍感兴奋。
Jim seemed frightened of the wild animals. 吉姆似乎对野生动物很害怕。
但过去分词构成被动语态时,通常只搭配助动词be(虽然有时也搭配动词get)。如:
He got caught for speeding. 他因超速而被抓住。
She nearly got hit by a car. 她差点被汽车撞上了。
Luckily none got killed in that accident. 很幸运那起车祸没有造成死亡。
三、所用副词修饰语不同
1. 过去分词作表语时可以被 so,very,too等程度副词修饰。如:
I’m not so experienced as you think. 我不像你想的那样有经验。
He is very disappointed in his new secretary. 他对他的新秘书感到很失望。
2. 被动语态通常不能用so,very,too修饰,而用much,very much,so much,too much等修饰。如:
He’s very much admired by his students. 他的学生十分钦佩他。
Britain’s trade position has been (very) much weakened by inflation. 英国的贸易地位被通货膨胀大大削弱了。
注:个别表示情感状态和情感反应的过去分词,有时既可用very修饰,也可用very much或much修饰。如:
I was very [much,very much] amused by Miranda’s performance. 我看了米兰达的表演,感到非常有意思。
四、时态结构方面的不同
被动语态可以用于进行时态——表示某个被动动作正在进行。如:
He is being interviewed now. 他现在正在接受面试。
They told me that the case was being investigated. 他们告诉我案子正在调查。
We couldn’t use the office. It was being redecorated. 办公室不能用,它正在装修。
When I saw her,she was being well looked after. 我见到她的时候,有人在细心地照料她。
注:由过去分词构成的系表结构一般不用于进行时态。
五、所搭配介词短语用法不同
所以如果语义需要,被动语态后面可以接表示动作执行者的by短语。如:
He was killed by a falling stone. 他被一块掉下来的石头砸死了。
This tree was planted by my grandfather. 这棵树是我祖父种的。
但是,含有过去分词的系表结构后面则不能接表示动作执行者的by短语(应根据语境的需要选择适当的介词)。比较:
I was very much frightened by the report. 这报告使我惊骇不已。
They’re frightened of losing power. 他们害怕失去权力。
(编辑 陈根花)
1. 过去分词用作表语时,其动作意味很弱,在功能上接近形容词的用法。如:
Be prepared! 大家准备好!
I was interested in everything I saw. 我对看到的一切都感兴趣。
I’m puzzled about the situation. 我对局势感到迷惑不解。
2. 被动语态中的过去分词动作意味较强,其意为“被……”。如:
He was driven away in a police car. 他被警车带走了。
The guests were introduced to Jane. 客人们被介绍给了简。
The food was cooked last night. 食物是昨天晚上煮的。
二、所搭配的动词be性质不同
1. 过去分词作表语时,所搭配的动词be为系动词;而过去分词构成被动语态时,所搭配的动词be为助动词。如:
The vase is broken. 花瓶打破了。(is为系动词)
The vase was broken by my sister. 花瓶是我妹妹打破的。(was为助动词)
The room was crowded with people. 房里挤满了人。(was为系动词)
Ten people were crowded into one room. 十个人被挤进一间屋里。(were为助动词)
2. 过去分词作表语时,除搭配系动词be外,还可搭配其他系动词(如remain,seem,look,appeared,grow,get等)。如:
Please remain seated. 请不要站起来。
He seemed embarrassed. 他似乎有点尴尬。
Soon he grew used to it. 不久他变得对它习惯了。
She looked astonished at the news. 听到这消息她显得很吃惊。
Everybody got excited about the boat trip. 大家对坐船游览都倍感兴奋。
Jim seemed frightened of the wild animals. 吉姆似乎对野生动物很害怕。
但过去分词构成被动语态时,通常只搭配助动词be(虽然有时也搭配动词get)。如:
He got caught for speeding. 他因超速而被抓住。
She nearly got hit by a car. 她差点被汽车撞上了。
Luckily none got killed in that accident. 很幸运那起车祸没有造成死亡。
三、所用副词修饰语不同
1. 过去分词作表语时可以被 so,very,too等程度副词修饰。如:
I’m not so experienced as you think. 我不像你想的那样有经验。
He is very disappointed in his new secretary. 他对他的新秘书感到很失望。
2. 被动语态通常不能用so,very,too修饰,而用much,very much,so much,too much等修饰。如:
He’s very much admired by his students. 他的学生十分钦佩他。
Britain’s trade position has been (very) much weakened by inflation. 英国的贸易地位被通货膨胀大大削弱了。
注:个别表示情感状态和情感反应的过去分词,有时既可用very修饰,也可用very much或much修饰。如:
I was very [much,very much] amused by Miranda’s performance. 我看了米兰达的表演,感到非常有意思。
四、时态结构方面的不同
被动语态可以用于进行时态——表示某个被动动作正在进行。如:
He is being interviewed now. 他现在正在接受面试。
They told me that the case was being investigated. 他们告诉我案子正在调查。
We couldn’t use the office. It was being redecorated. 办公室不能用,它正在装修。
When I saw her,she was being well looked after. 我见到她的时候,有人在细心地照料她。
注:由过去分词构成的系表结构一般不用于进行时态。
五、所搭配介词短语用法不同
所以如果语义需要,被动语态后面可以接表示动作执行者的by短语。如:
He was killed by a falling stone. 他被一块掉下来的石头砸死了。
This tree was planted by my grandfather. 这棵树是我祖父种的。
但是,含有过去分词的系表结构后面则不能接表示动作执行者的by短语(应根据语境的需要选择适当的介词)。比较:
I was very much frightened by the report. 这报告使我惊骇不已。
They’re frightened of losing power. 他们害怕失去权力。
(编辑 陈根花)