Due to blood transfusions,thalassemics are often infected with either hepatitis C virus(HCV)or hepatitis B virus and often have hemochromatosis.Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)has emerged in thalassemics only recently as a result of the improvement in thalassemia outcomes.In fact,a prospective study estimated an HCC incidence inβ-thalassemia of about 2%.Although data are scanty,HCC screening in thalassemics with risk factors for HCC should be carried out.HCV treatments have some efficacy in HCV infected thalassemics despite partial contraindication to ribavirin and iron overload.However,there are no data on how HCV treatment translates into HCC prevention.Preliminary data suggest that HCC treatment in thalassemics should generally have the same outcomes as in nonthalassemics.Although coexistence of severe comorbidities makes liver transplantation challenging,this therapeutic possibility should not be precluded for well selected HCCβ-thalassemia patients.In fact,2 transfusion dependent adult HCCβ-thalassemia patients have recently undergone successful liver transplantation with a good outcome.In conclusion,HCC seems to be a developing issue in thalassemia and HCC screening should be carried out.HCC treatment,including liver transplantation,can be performed in selected patients. A multidisciplinary effort is needed for management. Due to blood transfusions, thalassemics are often infected with either hepatitis C virus (HCV) or hepatitis B virus and often have hemochromatosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged in thalassemia only recently as a result of the improvement in thalassemia outcomes. In fact, a prospective study estimated an HCC incidence in β-thalassemia of about 2% .Although data are scanty, HCC screening in thalassemics with risk factors for HCC should be carried out. HCV treatments have some efficacy in HCV infected thalassemics possessing partial contraindication to ribavirin and iron there is no data on how HCV treatment translates into HCC prevention. Preliminary data suggest that HCC treatment in thalassemics should generally have the same outcomes as in nonthalassemics. Although coexistence of severe comorbidities makes liver transplantation challenging, this treatment may not be precluded for well selected HCCβ-thalassemia patients.In fact, 2 transfusion dependent a HCC β-thalassemia patients have recently undergone successful liver transplantation with a good outcome. In conclusion, HCC seems to be a developing issue in thalassemia and HCC screening should be carried out. HCC treatment, including liver transplantation, can be performed in selected patients. A multidisciplinary effort is needed for management.