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Background Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is a part of the standard induction therapy of multiple myeloma (MM). This case-controlled clinical trial aimed to further evaluate the therapeutic effects of ASCT as a consolidation therapy for MM and discuss factors influencing the prognosis.Methods Clinical data of 70 patients diagnosed as MM who received ASCT as a consolidation therapy in our hospital between October 1998 and August 2010 were analyzed retrospectively (ASCT group). Other 70 MM patients receiving routine chemotherapy without ASCT (non-ASCT group) during the same period were used as controls. Differences in the degree and duration of remission, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared to explore factors that may influence the prognosis.Results The median follow-up period was 38 months (range 1-128 months). The complete response (CR) rate of ASCT group increased from 27.1％ (19/70) before ASCT to 51.4％ (36/70) after ASCT. The median PFS of ASCT group was significantly higher than non-ASCT group (45 months vs. 25 months, P ＜0.001). The median OS of ASCT group was also significantly higher (55 months vs. 30 months, P=0.016). Single-factor analysis showed that Intational Staging System (ISS) stage, very good partial response (VGPR) or better outcome were significantly correlated with PFS and OS (P ＜0.001). Multi-factor analysis showed that whether or not VGPR or better outcome was achieved were independent factors influencing the disease prognosis.Conclusion Used as a consolidation therapy, ASCT can achieve better responses and higher OS and PFS of MM patients.