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1874年法越《甲戌和约》签订后,中法在越南属国地位问题上展开长期交涉,由此引发朝贡体制与条约体制的冲突。其间,清朝官员对国际法的援引和运用,表明他们已能较为娴熟地将西方外交惯例用于实践,以维护自身的权益。与此同时,法国对越南的殖民侵略与西南边疆岌岌可危的局势,促使清政府主动尝试改善与越南的关系,并得到越南的积极回应。此一突破传统朝贡体制框架的举措,无疑是西方冲击下两国被迫作出的反应。
After the signing of the Treaty of Peace between Japan and France in 1874, China and France held long-term representations on the issue of the vassal status of Vietnam, which triggered the clashes between the tribute system and the treaty regime. In the meantime, the quoting and applying of international law by officials of the Qing Dynasty showed that they have been able to use the Western diplomatic practices more skillfully in practice so as to safeguard their own rights and interests. At the same time, France’s colonial aggression against Vietnam and the precarious situation in the southwestern frontier prompted the Qing government to voluntarily try to improve its relations with Vietnam and get a positive response from Vietnam. This measure of breaking the traditional tributary framework of the tribute is undoubtedly the reaction forced by the two countries under the impact of the West.