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消费不足论在马克思主义危机理论中具有深厚的传统和深远的影响。本文以复兴马克思主义消费不足论的代表斯威奇(Sweezy)为研究对象,指出其论证的根本缺陷,在两部类扩大再生产模型中引入资本在部类间的流动和投资(信贷),对斯威齐的模型做了扩展分析。结果表明,即使满足扩大再生产的平衡条件,消费不足现象也有可能出现。但另一方面,消费不足也不像斯威齐断言的那样是资本主义固有的一种长期趋势。资本积累过程中是否出现消费不足,取决于资本有机构成的变化及其与资本产出比的相互关系等条件。因此,把消费不足当作资本主义经济危机的根本原因是错误的。危机的根源是隐藏在消费不足现象背后的那些条件,即以利润为目的并由竞争推动的资本不断扩大规模、提高有机构成和生产效率的微观基础。本文的结论符合马克思反对消费不足论的基本观点及其危机理论的方法论原则。
The theory of under-consumption has profound tradition and profound influence in the Marxist crisis theory. In this paper, Sweezy, the representative of the theory of under-consumption in revival of Marxism, is taken as the research object, pointing out the fundamental defect of its argument, introducing the flow and investment (credit) of capital among the two types of expanded reproduction model, Swatch’s model did an extended analysis. The results show that underdevelopment is likely to occur even if the equilibrium conditions for expanded reproduction are met. On the other hand, the lack of consumption is not a long-term trend inherent in capitalism, as Sweezy asserted. Whether there is insufficient consumption in the process of capital accumulation depends on the change of the organic composition of capital and its relationship with the capital output ratio. Therefore, it is wrong to regard under-consumption as the root cause of the capitalist economic crisis. The root causes of the crisis are those hidden behind the phenomenon of under-consumption, that is, the profit-making and competition-driven expansion of capital and the micro-foundation of organic composition and production efficiency. The conclusion of this article is in line with the basic viewpoints of Marx’s theory of opposition to consumption and the methodology of crisis theory.