1.18世纪后期至19世纪上半期,以美洲为中心的独立革命新航路开辟后,西欧国家以屠杀、掠夺、贩卖黑奴等方式进行资本的原始积累,给美洲人民带来了深重的灾难,列强争夺霸权的战争又使灾难加剧。18世纪末到19世纪上半期,美洲经济有了明显发展,广大人民要求 1. From the late 18th century to the first half of the 19th century, after the opening of the new independent aviation revolution centered on the Americas, Western European countries carried out primitive accumulation of capital by slaughtering, plundering, and selling black slaves, which brought untold disaster to the American people. The war intensified the disaster. From the end of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century, the economy of the Americas has developed markedly and the people have demanded