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第一批长期考查组进驻国际空间站(ISS)开始长期载人飞行活动,揭开了人类航天史上崭新的一页,迄今已成功完成14批长期考查组飞行任务。在航天飞行中,航天员受到微重力、辐射、昼夜节律变化、隔离等异常环境因素的影响。为保障航天员长期飞行的健康,在ISS上已开展或将要开展的空间生命科学研究共计59项。这些研究探讨了长期失重引起骨皮质下骨质丧失与恢复的速度,骨骼肌萎缩与功能降低的特点,脊髓兴奋性降低,以及免疫功能降低与病毒再度活化的关系。另外,亦观察了长期隔离导致航天员心理与行为的变化,昼夜快速转换对睡眠的影响,并发现长期辐射可能引起白内障与肿瘤,也可能导致生殖、神经系统的损害,甚至会诱发遗传性病变。同时在飞行过程中检验了药物、运动、营养与振动等对抗措施的有效性,并进一步观测这些对抗措施对不同系统的防护效果。这些研究结果为发展新一代、针对性更强的对抗措施奠定了坚实基础。
The first group of long-term inspectors stationed at the International Space Station (ISS) started a long-term manned flight and unveiled a brand new page in the history of human spaceflight. So far, 14 long-term test group missions have been successfully completed. In space flight, astronauts are subject to abnormal environmental factors such as microgravity, radiation, changes in circadian rhythms, and isolation. To ensure the long-term flight health of astronauts, a total of 59 space life science studies have been or will be conducted at the ISS. These studies examined the long-term loss of weight caused by bone loss and recovery of bone cortical bone speed, skeletal muscle atrophy and decreased function, reduced spinal cord excitability, and decreased immune function and reactivation of the virus. In addition, the long-term isolation led to astronauts psychological and behavioral changes, rapid changes in day and night on sleep and found that long-term radiation may cause cataracts and tumors may also lead to reproductive, nervous system damage, and even cause genetic disease . At the same time, the validity of the countermeasures such as medicine, exercise, nutrition and vibration during flight was tested, and the protective effect of these countermeasures on different systems was further observed. These findings have laid a solid foundation for developing a new generation of more targeted countermeasures.