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发业是入世谈判的难点。我国是农业大国和发产品消费大国,但多数农产品受土地资源、技术、经营规模等因素制约,价格不具国际竞争优势。入世前,重要农产品进口主要靠行政手段和非关税措施控制(进口许可证、进口数量限制、检疫标准、国有外贸企业垄断经营等),出口主要靠财政补贴支持。由于我国农业的市场化程度和比较利益较低,在市场竞争和资源配置中部终处于不利地位。加入WTO后,我国农业将面临的冲击和挑战将来自两个方面,一是WTO农业框架的影响,二是中国农业在受框架约束的同时,要履行加入WTO农业谈判中所承诺的义务。目前我国在发业领域就农产品关税减让、关税配额、出口补贴、国内支持、农业服务领域和动植物检疫等6方面作出了相应的承诺。中国的农业不仅要承受国内农产品生产过剩的压力,还将经受国际市场的风雨。如果说“多收了三五斗”,会谷贱伤农,那么“多进了三五斗”对农业的冲击恐怕会更为迅猛与无情。
Business is difficult to join the WTO negotiations. China is a big country of agriculture and a big consumer of products. However, most agricultural products are restricted by factors such as land resources, technology and scale of operation. Prices do not have international competitive advantages. Before China’s accession to the WTO, imports of important agricultural products were mainly controlled by administrative measures and non-tariff measures (import licenses, import volume restrictions, quarantine standards and state-owned foreign trade monopolies, etc.). Exports mainly depend on financial subsidies. Due to the low degree of marketization and comparative advantage of agriculture in our country, it is at a disadvantage in the middle of market competition and resource allocation. After China’s accession to the WTO, China’s agriculture will face challenges and impacts from two aspects. One is the impact of the WTO’s agricultural framework. The other is that while China’s agriculture is bound by the framework, it must fulfill its obligations as promised in the agricultural negotiations on accession to the WTO. At present, China has made corresponding promises in the field of industries on such issues as tariff concessions on agricultural products, tariff quotas, export subsidies, domestic support, agricultural service areas, and animal and plant quarantine. China’s agriculture not only needs to withstand the pressure of overproduction of domestic agricultural products, but also will withstand the storm of the international market. If we say that “more than three and a half buckets will be harvested,” they will be harrowing their peasants. Then the impact of “more than three or five buckets” on agriculture will probably be more violent and ruthless.