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1905年,中国历史上延续了1300年的科举制度被废除。一百多年来,对于科举制度的研究中,西方学者以“置身事外”的身份和历史社会学的眼光看得更为深刻和系统。近年来,重新认识科举的呼声在壮大。本文将科举制度与晚清的社会结构相联系,着重阐述清代社会危机下的科举制度所呈现出的矛盾现象,并以此为分析对象,探讨清代社会结构的变动及科举制度在这种变动之中体现出的社会功能,即在18世纪和19世纪的中国,由人口增长所引发的社会危机中,科举制度的存在成为缓和与转嫁这种危机的关键,发挥了强劲的社会调和的功能,进而使中国社会的稳定得到维持。
In 1905, the system of exams that lasted for 1300 years in Chinese history was abolished. For more than one hundred years, Western scholars have been more profound and systematic in the study of the imperial examination system in the perspective of “getting out of business” and the historical sociology. In recent years, the voice of re-understanding of imperial examination has grown. This article links the imperial examination system with the social structure in the late Qing Dynasty, and emphatically expounds the contradictory phenomenon that the imperial examination system presents under the social crisis in the Qing Dynasty. Based on this, it analyzes the change of the social structure in the Qing Dynasty and the imperial examination system in this The social function embodied in the changes is that in the social crisis triggered by the population growth in China in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the existence of the imperial examination system has become the key to easing and shifting the crisis and exerting strong social reconciliation Function, and thus maintain the stability of Chinese society.