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Ⅰ．Introduction
The purpose of middle school English teaching is to improve the students’ four skills of listening，speaking，reading and writing，with the base of necessary phonetics，large vocabulary and good grammar，but this is not the final purpose．The final purpose is to let students be able to use the language．
Why do we study English？If a man is only good at listening and speaking，can we say that he is good at English？No，if a man is only good at reading and writing，can we say that he is good at English？No，he should be able to use the language．
Now most of the students do better in reading and writing English than in listening and speaking．They can read and write，but they can hardly communicate．They can hardly express themselves with their own words，most of all the teachers like to provide the students with a lot of knowledge－words，phrases， grammar，usages and so on.They are focusing these things，especially on the grammar．Yes，the students do need these，but many teachers forget to teach them how to study English，and how to use it．So when you are giving the knowledge to the students，don’t forget to teach them all the abilities of the four skills．
Ⅱ．Ways on developing the four abilities
⒈Listening
The teachers often speak of the four skills－listening，reading and writing．That means each of them is important．You can’t say that you have mastered the language without any one of them，listening，one of the means of language communication，is used most widely in people’s daily lives．About 45% of the adult’s time concerns listening to other people，listening to the radio，listening to the music．In linguistics，giving the students a lot of listening activities is a good way of enlarging their vocabulary，on the other hand，it also helps the students improve their listening comprehension．
I have done an investigation．About 43.2% of the students think that the most bothering and most difficulty is listening comprehension，and even some of them have difficulty in understanding their teachers who gives lessons in English．
Without question，it is difficult of a middle school student to understand the listening material，if he hasn’t enough vocabulary and the ability of telling the grammar construction．In my investigation，about 35% of the students with low listening comprehension thing this is because they don’t understand or know the language about linguistic，they are not able to tell the meaning of what they have heard．In my another investigation，students were asked to listen to a dialogue of 244 words，in which the words and grammar have already been learned；But 80% of them thought it was too difficult．Then，using the same dialogue as a reading comprehension material，I found only 5% of them thought it was a little difficult，on the other hand the response ability is also another reason．
It is clear that the reading speed of a material also affects．About 43% of the students thought that the material was read too fast and they couldn’t follow．
A lot of students have their own listening habits．Some students often tries to understand each word or each sentence．They will think hard when they meet some difficult words or sentences，and a great many students could understand the material directly，They often translate the English into Chinese in their heart，thinking that only a reason，trying to understand each word is difficult，and it is not necessary at all．You should catch the most important points．
⒉Speaking
Speaking can’t be taught separately．It is often connected with listening．So we often speak of listening and speaking．
The traditional way of listening and speaking is aural－oral method．Now the new method of two－way communication is very popular．
As you know that any teaching method has its psychological base．The aural－oral method began in the 1940’s．It is based on behaviorism．One of its psychological theory is that learning a language is forming a set of new language habit．
This is its usual process：Stimulus－Response－Reinforcement．
The aural－oral method is fit for the teaching of beginning stage．It focuses on the practice of oral English．But too many drills are being practiced without any context or given conditions so what is learned is isolated clauses And it have few communicative functions．
The two－way communication makes up for the defect in communicative ability in the traditional teaching．Two－way means the relationship of the communication between the teacher and the students．
This relationship is connected with the communicative activities between two people．This method is different from the traditional aural－oral method．But it also bases on the process of S－R－R．so we call it a new type of aural－oral method has some peculiarities．
It can create a fresh environment for speaking English．
It needs some necessary explanations of grammar，including some sentence structures．
Hints are the major way of practice．
Teachers can control the practice wholly or partly．
The practice can also be controlled by students freely．The internal force of study is not due to the interests in phonetic structure，but the content of the material．
To make the correct response，the students are asked to pay more attention．
Example：
Teacher：Ask me if I am a student．
Student：Are you a student？
Teacher：Tell me－No，You’re a teacher．
Student：No，I’m a teacher．
In this example，“Ask me”means that the student must say a question sentence while“Tell me”shows what the students must say a declarative sentence．But before doing this，the teacher must explain something about the exchange of interrogative sentence and declarative sentence．
The two－way communication can lengthen the dialogve limitlessly．This is its advantage－At the same time，if the student wants to give the correct response，he has to think it hard．The sentence is not easily forgotten which is created by themselves through thinking，sometimes with the teacher’s hint．You can talk freely．You can express yourself as well as you can．For example：
If you want to ask more about“father”or other family members，the dialogue can go on as far a possible．
So，in a word，the aural－oral method is not a out－of－date one，but a useful one Especially it is fit for the beginning stage．It attaches the importance to the oral drills ，and has a bad communicative function．It is only used to a phonetic base．After all，the aim of the language learning is to communicate．So the two－way communication is more effective and direct；but it is also fit for the beginning stage．
⒊Reading
Reading is an important way of gaining information in foreign language learning．It is a basic skill for a foreign language learner．There is a lot of reading exercises in an examination today．But all these readings must be done in limited time．So students are asded to read them correctly and with a certain speed．To do this，you should change your bad reading habit and raise your reading efficiency．
New words prevent you from reading fast．One way to overcome this problecm is guess．There are many ways to guess the meaning of a new word First，you should find some hints．Context，some phrases，such as“means”，“refer to”，“in other words”，“That is to sag”，are all the hints．
Model 1
A：middle－aged professor said his wife was too extravagant，because no matter how much he give her for the household expenses，she always ran short．
In this sentence，the meaning of the word“extravagant can be easily guessed”．
Model 2
Prometheus stayed chained to the lock for many years，Then at last the mighty．
Hercules came forth and broke the bonds－but that is another of the wonderful stories of the Greeks．
In this paragraph，the words“stayed chained”is the hint，so you can guess what“bonds”means．
In this sentence，the words after the dash show the meaning of the words“partides”（微粒）.
Besides the ways mentioned above，you can guess according to the word－formation，for example：
Child－childless，Marx－Marxism
Large－enlarge，tell－foretell
Australian＋Satellite→Aussate
State＋run→state－run
Sometimes you can’t guess the words means If the words doesn’t affect your reading，let it be．Fox example：
A German told me that all over China they use Gourmet powder intheir food，It will give you higher blood pressure．
You may know that gourmet it a kind of thing that can be eat．But it doesn’t matter whether you know what it is．
Another problem that affect your reading speed is your reading habit and your reading skill．
Someone reads word by words．Someone reads with his finger pointing to the word’s or with his head shaking．Those are all bad habits．You should read phrase by phrase．Don’t blink your eyes so often and don’t shake your head Just move your eyeball．That’s enough．If you want to get more word information，there mu be a proper distance－between your eyes and the reading material．
I think browsing is an important step while you are doing your reading comprehension．
Some students begin to read at once when he get a reading material，even without knowing its title after reading for many times，he won’t understand what the article says．
Looking through the material first means fore reading．In an examination，you want to gain the information which the question ask，you can’t read the material in a usual way，you can’t read the whole material word by word．You have to omit some sentences，sometimes even a whole paragraph，which has nothing to do with the questions．
I think you might read the given questions fast as well，then the material，There is aadvantage to do this when you read the material with the questions you can save your time．
Model
A Festival Atmosphere
At midnight on New Year’s Eve，People in Rome，Italy，throw out all the things no longer want．The streets are filled with old chairs，beds，clothes and dishes．
In Madrid，Spain，the New Year comes in more quietly people come to the main square Each holds a bag of grapes．As the clock strikes twelve，the people eat the grapes－one for each stroke．
In Tokyo，capital of Japan，people eat noodles in New Year’s Eve．This food is said to bring long life．Early the next morning，some Japanese families climb Mount Fuji．There they watch the first sunrise of the new Year．
⑴This story is about New Year’s Eve in______．
A．Europe
B．Europe and Latin America
C．Four capital cities
D．Three countries
⑵The write thinks New Year’s Eve in Rome is______．
A．interesting
B．dull
C．noisy
D．happy
Look through the questions No.1，3，4，6 are the questions which are about the content of the article．This information is connected with the names，numbers or activities in the article，question N0.2 and No.5 are comprehensive ones．
Then browse the article，From the questions and the title you may know that the article is about the festival custom of different countries．The article includes three paragraphs，each talks of a difference place－Rome，Madrid and Tokyo．
So when you have the first glance over the article，you’re got the key to question No.1．After your glance，these things have been put into your brain．
Rome－throw out－are filled with
Madrid－quietly–main square－grapes－one for each stroke．
Tokyo－noodles－bring long life－climb Mount
Fuji－first sunrise
Now，you may have some idea of the outline of the article．Then you may read the whole material．
⒋Writing
Writing is one way of providing variety in classroom procedures．It provides a student with physical evidence of his achievements and becomes a course where by he can measure his improvement It helps to consolidate the students’ grasp of vocabulary and structure ，and complements the other languages skills．
Sentence is the base of an article，so we should begin our writing with sentences，First，students should be asked to express with sentences－sentences making，then to write short articles．
⑴Translation，Translate Chinese into English．
First，they should learn the five basic sentence drills．Then choose some typical sentences in the text as models，do sentence making after these models．
⑵Sentence pattern exchanging By rewriting the sentences，practise expressing the same meaning with different patterns．
⑶Text shortening and rewriting．If helps to understand the text，and helps to write compositions．It can foster students’ ability to summarize and to use the language freely．
Ⅲ．Conclusion
Generally speaking these four skills can’t be separated．People often say“First listening and speaking，then reading and writing”．
Before you are going to have a new lesson，do reading and writing．First ask students to read the text in advance，and do some exercises connected with the text．
Listening and speaking are the major ways while teaching the new lesson．Be sure to let the lesson go on in a foreign language situation．
（作者单位：711700陕西省富平县庄里初中）
The purpose of middle school English teaching is to improve the students’ four skills of listening，speaking，reading and writing，with the base of necessary phonetics，large vocabulary and good grammar，but this is not the final purpose．The final purpose is to let students be able to use the language．
Why do we study English？If a man is only good at listening and speaking，can we say that he is good at English？No，if a man is only good at reading and writing，can we say that he is good at English？No，he should be able to use the language．
Now most of the students do better in reading and writing English than in listening and speaking．They can read and write，but they can hardly communicate．They can hardly express themselves with their own words，most of all the teachers like to provide the students with a lot of knowledge－words，phrases， grammar，usages and so on.They are focusing these things，especially on the grammar．Yes，the students do need these，but many teachers forget to teach them how to study English，and how to use it．So when you are giving the knowledge to the students，don’t forget to teach them all the abilities of the four skills．
Ⅱ．Ways on developing the four abilities
⒈Listening
The teachers often speak of the four skills－listening，reading and writing．That means each of them is important．You can’t say that you have mastered the language without any one of them，listening，one of the means of language communication，is used most widely in people’s daily lives．About 45% of the adult’s time concerns listening to other people，listening to the radio，listening to the music．In linguistics，giving the students a lot of listening activities is a good way of enlarging their vocabulary，on the other hand，it also helps the students improve their listening comprehension．
I have done an investigation．About 43.2% of the students think that the most bothering and most difficulty is listening comprehension，and even some of them have difficulty in understanding their teachers who gives lessons in English．
Without question，it is difficult of a middle school student to understand the listening material，if he hasn’t enough vocabulary and the ability of telling the grammar construction．In my investigation，about 35% of the students with low listening comprehension thing this is because they don’t understand or know the language about linguistic，they are not able to tell the meaning of what they have heard．In my another investigation，students were asked to listen to a dialogue of 244 words，in which the words and grammar have already been learned；But 80% of them thought it was too difficult．Then，using the same dialogue as a reading comprehension material，I found only 5% of them thought it was a little difficult，on the other hand the response ability is also another reason．
It is clear that the reading speed of a material also affects．About 43% of the students thought that the material was read too fast and they couldn’t follow．
A lot of students have their own listening habits．Some students often tries to understand each word or each sentence．They will think hard when they meet some difficult words or sentences，and a great many students could understand the material directly，They often translate the English into Chinese in their heart，thinking that only a reason，trying to understand each word is difficult，and it is not necessary at all．You should catch the most important points．
⒉Speaking
Speaking can’t be taught separately．It is often connected with listening．So we often speak of listening and speaking．
The traditional way of listening and speaking is aural－oral method．Now the new method of two－way communication is very popular．
As you know that any teaching method has its psychological base．The aural－oral method began in the 1940’s．It is based on behaviorism．One of its psychological theory is that learning a language is forming a set of new language habit．
This is its usual process：Stimulus－Response－Reinforcement．
The aural－oral method is fit for the teaching of beginning stage．It focuses on the practice of oral English．But too many drills are being practiced without any context or given conditions so what is learned is isolated clauses And it have few communicative functions．
The two－way communication makes up for the defect in communicative ability in the traditional teaching．Two－way means the relationship of the communication between the teacher and the students．
This relationship is connected with the communicative activities between two people．This method is different from the traditional aural－oral method．But it also bases on the process of S－R－R．so we call it a new type of aural－oral method has some peculiarities．
It can create a fresh environment for speaking English．
It needs some necessary explanations of grammar，including some sentence structures．
Hints are the major way of practice．
Teachers can control the practice wholly or partly．
The practice can also be controlled by students freely．The internal force of study is not due to the interests in phonetic structure，but the content of the material．
To make the correct response，the students are asked to pay more attention．
Example：
Teacher：Ask me if I am a student．
Student：Are you a student？
Teacher：Tell me－No，You’re a teacher．
Student：No，I’m a teacher．
In this example，“Ask me”means that the student must say a question sentence while“Tell me”shows what the students must say a declarative sentence．But before doing this，the teacher must explain something about the exchange of interrogative sentence and declarative sentence．
The two－way communication can lengthen the dialogve limitlessly．This is its advantage－At the same time，if the student wants to give the correct response，he has to think it hard．The sentence is not easily forgotten which is created by themselves through thinking，sometimes with the teacher’s hint．You can talk freely．You can express yourself as well as you can．For example：
If you want to ask more about“father”or other family members，the dialogue can go on as far a possible．
So，in a word，the aural－oral method is not a out－of－date one，but a useful one Especially it is fit for the beginning stage．It attaches the importance to the oral drills ，and has a bad communicative function．It is only used to a phonetic base．After all，the aim of the language learning is to communicate．So the two－way communication is more effective and direct；but it is also fit for the beginning stage．
⒊Reading
Reading is an important way of gaining information in foreign language learning．It is a basic skill for a foreign language learner．There is a lot of reading exercises in an examination today．But all these readings must be done in limited time．So students are asded to read them correctly and with a certain speed．To do this，you should change your bad reading habit and raise your reading efficiency．
New words prevent you from reading fast．One way to overcome this problecm is guess．There are many ways to guess the meaning of a new word First，you should find some hints．Context，some phrases，such as“means”，“refer to”，“in other words”，“That is to sag”，are all the hints．
Model 1
A：middle－aged professor said his wife was too extravagant，because no matter how much he give her for the household expenses，she always ran short．
In this sentence，the meaning of the word“extravagant can be easily guessed”．
Model 2
Prometheus stayed chained to the lock for many years，Then at last the mighty．
Hercules came forth and broke the bonds－but that is another of the wonderful stories of the Greeks．
In this paragraph，the words“stayed chained”is the hint，so you can guess what“bonds”means．
In this sentence，the words after the dash show the meaning of the words“partides”（微粒）.
Besides the ways mentioned above，you can guess according to the word－formation，for example：
Child－childless，Marx－Marxism
Large－enlarge，tell－foretell
Australian＋Satellite→Aussate
State＋run→state－run
Sometimes you can’t guess the words means If the words doesn’t affect your reading，let it be．Fox example：
A German told me that all over China they use Gourmet powder intheir food，It will give you higher blood pressure．
You may know that gourmet it a kind of thing that can be eat．But it doesn’t matter whether you know what it is．
Another problem that affect your reading speed is your reading habit and your reading skill．
Someone reads word by words．Someone reads with his finger pointing to the word’s or with his head shaking．Those are all bad habits．You should read phrase by phrase．Don’t blink your eyes so often and don’t shake your head Just move your eyeball．That’s enough．If you want to get more word information，there mu be a proper distance－between your eyes and the reading material．
I think browsing is an important step while you are doing your reading comprehension．
Some students begin to read at once when he get a reading material，even without knowing its title after reading for many times，he won’t understand what the article says．
Looking through the material first means fore reading．In an examination，you want to gain the information which the question ask，you can’t read the material in a usual way，you can’t read the whole material word by word．You have to omit some sentences，sometimes even a whole paragraph，which has nothing to do with the questions．
I think you might read the given questions fast as well，then the material，There is aadvantage to do this when you read the material with the questions you can save your time．
Model
A Festival Atmosphere
At midnight on New Year’s Eve，People in Rome，Italy，throw out all the things no longer want．The streets are filled with old chairs，beds，clothes and dishes．
In Madrid，Spain，the New Year comes in more quietly people come to the main square Each holds a bag of grapes．As the clock strikes twelve，the people eat the grapes－one for each stroke．
In Tokyo，capital of Japan，people eat noodles in New Year’s Eve．This food is said to bring long life．Early the next morning，some Japanese families climb Mount Fuji．There they watch the first sunrise of the new Year．
⑴This story is about New Year’s Eve in______．
A．Europe
B．Europe and Latin America
C．Four capital cities
D．Three countries
⑵The write thinks New Year’s Eve in Rome is______．
A．interesting
B．dull
C．noisy
D．happy
Look through the questions No.1，3，4，6 are the questions which are about the content of the article．This information is connected with the names，numbers or activities in the article，question N0.2 and No.5 are comprehensive ones．
Then browse the article，From the questions and the title you may know that the article is about the festival custom of different countries．The article includes three paragraphs，each talks of a difference place－Rome，Madrid and Tokyo．
So when you have the first glance over the article，you’re got the key to question No.1．After your glance，these things have been put into your brain．
Rome－throw out－are filled with
Madrid－quietly–main square－grapes－one for each stroke．
Tokyo－noodles－bring long life－climb Mount
Fuji－first sunrise
Now，you may have some idea of the outline of the article．Then you may read the whole material．
⒋Writing
Writing is one way of providing variety in classroom procedures．It provides a student with physical evidence of his achievements and becomes a course where by he can measure his improvement It helps to consolidate the students’ grasp of vocabulary and structure ，and complements the other languages skills．
Sentence is the base of an article，so we should begin our writing with sentences，First，students should be asked to express with sentences－sentences making，then to write short articles．
⑴Translation，Translate Chinese into English．
First，they should learn the five basic sentence drills．Then choose some typical sentences in the text as models，do sentence making after these models．
⑵Sentence pattern exchanging By rewriting the sentences，practise expressing the same meaning with different patterns．
⑶Text shortening and rewriting．If helps to understand the text，and helps to write compositions．It can foster students’ ability to summarize and to use the language freely．
Ⅲ．Conclusion
Generally speaking these four skills can’t be separated．People often say“First listening and speaking，then reading and writing”．
Before you are going to have a new lesson，do reading and writing．First ask students to read the text in advance，and do some exercises connected with the text．
Listening and speaking are the major ways while teaching the new lesson．Be sure to let the lesson go on in a foreign language situation．
（作者单位：711700陕西省富平县庄里初中）