论文部分内容阅读
中高考书面表达本着考生使用语言的目的，鼓励考生进行语言综合能力的发挥、想象、创新，考查考生的语言基本功。鉴于此，对于如何培养和提高中学生的书面表达能力成为日常英语教学中一个非常重要的问题，我们必须将其寓于日常教学行为之中，坚持做到“循循序渐进、天天推进”的教学原则，切不可一日忽略。我的具体做法如下，仅供参考。
一、钻研《英语课程标准》，领会其精神实质。
《课标》五级目标这样描述：“1、能根据写作要求，收集、准备素材；2、能独立起草短文、短信等，并在教师的指导下进行修改；3、能使用常见的连词表示顺序和逻辑关系；4、能简单描写人物或事件；5、能根据所给图示或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明。”
從以上描述可以看出：一是“收集、准备素材”，这是最基本的。作为初中学生，最基本的当然是记忆常用词，除此之外，五大句子种类和句子的分类必须掌握。
一）五大基本句型。
1、subject+verb这种句型中的动词是不及物动词，常见的此类动词有：come, go, die, arrive等等。2、subject+link verb+predicative, 如Trees are turning green in spring. 3、subject+verb+object，如：You can put the books in your bag. 4、subject+verb+indirect object+direct object，如：Yesterday I gave her a book. 5、subject+verb+object+complement（补语），如：We found him an honest person.
二、句子种类。
按句子的用途分四种：
1、陈述句（肯定句、否定句），如：She is eleven years old. He is not a teacher.
2、疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意），如：Do you like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old？Mary can’t swim, can’t she?
3、祈使句，如：Be careful, boys. Don’t talk in class.
4、感叹句，如：How clever you are!
按句子结构可分三种：
简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。如：He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures in her spire time.
并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号把两个或两个以上以上的简单句子连在一起构成。如：You help him and he helps you.
复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。（九年级学生只掌握宾语从句即可）。如：He says he is a teacher.
学生一旦掌握了最基本的知识，进入写作练习阶段就比较容易。《课标》要求学生能“起草短文、短信、描写人物或事件、给图示或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明”。根据这些要求，全国各地中考试题都涉及其中一个方面的要求。
二、回顾往年中考试题，引导学生分类练习。
往年全国各地中考英语试题，基本上都涉及到《课标》所要求的范围，例如：
一）书信。06年北京市试题：
根据中文提示和英文书信,写一篇意思连贯、符合逻辑、不少于50词的回信。（信的开头和结尾已给出，其字数不计入所完成的回信内容。）
假设你叫李玲，是英国中学生露茜的笔友，你收到了他的电子邮件。请根据她来信内容写一封回信。针对她的困惑，谈谈你的看法，同时提出一些建议，告诉她应该做什么，不应该做什么。
Dear Li Ling,
These days Tom Cruise, the film star, always comes into my mind. I think of him night and day. I just sit in my room and watch videos of his films again and again. I’ve written hundreds of letters to him and sent e-mails to his fan club, but all I get back are only photos with his names on them. I dream that some day I’ll meet him and that he’ll fell the same way about me. I don’t want to lean my lessons any more, and I’ll have final exams next month.
I’m thinking of running away to Hollywood(好莱坞) to meet him. Can you help me with the problem?
Yours,
Lucy
Hi Lucy,
Nice to hear from you.
Yours,
Li Ling
参考短文：
Hi Lucy,
Nice to hear from you. Everyone has his favorite stars and there’s nothing wrong with that. I understand you. But I don’t think what you do is right since you are a student. You’d better read more interesting books and have more sports in your free time. Stop writing to him and watching his films. You may also tell your problem to your parents and teachers. I’m sure they’ll help you. Running away to Hollywood is a wrong idea. Work hard on your lessons and get ready for the exams. Your future is in your hands.
Yours,
Li Ling
写作技巧点拨
写信是我们日常生活中常遇到的事，所以《课标》和《考试说明》中，都将其作为学习的重要内容之一，在全国各省市中考试题中，写信出现的频率比较高，所以考生要予以重视。
这既是一片提示文又是一篇书信，两种文体合二为一。要求考生仔细阅读提示，弄清题意，紧扣要点，写出符合题意的短文—回信，同时要注意书信的书写格式。英文书信一般由以下四部分组成。Heading(写信人的地址和日期，位于右上角)Salutation(称呼，位于左上角，顶格)Body(正文，开头空一字，其他与汉语写法一致。)Signature(签名，位于正文右下方。)
趁热演练
假如你是Li Ming，你收到你的外国朋友的一封咨询信：
Dear Li Ming,
For the coming winter vacation(寒假)，my family and I want to spend our vacation in a place for seven days. We would like to go somewhere in China not only warm but also interesting. We don’t mind how far we have to go. It has to be a place where we can swim every day, and it would be nice if our hotel is not expensive but clean and comfortable. We like to pay no more than ￥6,000 for the trip. Could you please give us your suggestions(建議) for vacation spots(景点)？
Thanks a lot.
Yours,
Robert
要求：
1、请根据来信内容，从以下两个地方（北京，海南）中，选择一个符合Robert要求的度假地点，用英文写封回信，提出建议并说明理由。
2、格式正确，80—100字。
参考短文：
Dear Robert,
I’m pleased that you’d like to spend your winter vacation in China.
I think Hainan Island will be a right place for you. It’s warm in winter. There are many interesting places, such as Tianya Haijao, which means “the edge of the sky and the rain of the sea”, Wanquan River.(Dongshan Ridge, Hot Springs, Hairui Tomb) You can swim (fish, boat and dive) in the sea every day, and also there are long while beaches to walk along. You can enjoy the delicious seafood there. The hotels are not expensive but clean and comfortable, ￥6,000 will be enough for your trip.
Hope to see you in China soon.
Yours,
Li Ming
二）表格题。2006年天津市试题
请你以学校学生会的身份，写一份有关即将在本校举办2006年英语夏令营活动的书面通知，内容如下：
时间 7月29日至8月1日
地点 学校礼堂
内容
1、演讲、辩论
2、谈学习英语的经验
3、师生英语晚会
4、游览市容
要求 1、欢迎广大同学踊跃参加夏令营活动
2、活动后写一篇日记，谈谈你的感想
注意：
1、 词数在80—100个左右。
2、 意思连贯、语言通顺、避免逐条翻译。
3、 开头部分已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：做演讲make a speech(give a lecture)
辩论have a debate
June 6,2006
Dear students,
The English Summer Camp will
Students’ Union
参考短文：
Notice
Dear students
The English Summer Camp will be help in the school hall from July 29 to August 1.Many interesting activities are waiting for you to join in.
During the camp, you can give a lecture and have a debate. Besides, the students who do well in English study will talk about their experience. There is also an English party between teachers and students. In the end, you’ll have a chance to visit the City of Tianjin.
Everyone is welcome to take an active part in it. Don’t forget to tell us what you think of the camp in your diary.
Students’ Union
写作技巧点拨
不管我们将来干什么，我们都要学会应用文写作，通知是最常见的一种应用文。此题考查考生适应社会生活的能力，要求考生写通知。通知一般分为书面和口头两种，常用于上级对下级安排工作等事宜，要写的简明扼要。书面通知有固定的格式1、标题（位于正文上方正中间）。2、正文（交待集体时间、地点、活动内容和注意事项）。3、单位（发出单位，位于正文右下角）。4、发出时间（位于正文左下角）。
趁热演练
校长决定明天下午5：00在操场召开全校师生大会，做保护环境教育报告，请你写一则通知。
Notice
There will be a talk about How to keep our environment at 5:00 tomorrow on the playground.
School office
June, 2007
中考试题类型齐全，篇幅较大，我不可能一一列举，但管中窥豹，可见一斑，只要教师引导学生进行分类练习，并讲解写作技巧，一定会达到预期目的。
三、背诵佳句佳篇，锤炼语感。
学生写作水平的高低，取决于他有没有坚实可靠的预感。在学生的作文中，我发现除去“主系表”和“主谓宾”之类的简单句外，稍复杂一点的句子病句就比较多。我认为，背诵佳句佳篇，对提高写作能力有极大帮助。恰当地运用一些常用的习惯表达和典型句式既能有效地减少文章中的病句，又能给文章增色添彩。因此，教师应要求学生背诵所学课文中的典型佳句、优美短篇，并做到脱口而出，运用自如，经过这样目积月累，积少成多，学生在写作时才能得心应手写出好的习作。
《新概念英语》二册虽然不是课内必学材料，但它是最好的背诵材料，如果教师能利用业余时间，引导学生背诵相当篇目，会大大提高学生的语感和表达能力。
总之，教师只有认真研读《课标》，引导学生做好分类练习，指导学生背诵佳句和精品短文，才能有效地提高学生潜意识里对于语言文字的准确把握，形成心头、口头和手头三位一体的自觉行动，写出比较规范的优秀习作。
参考书目：《英语课程标准》、《高考英语写作点击与突破》、《中考英语资源学案》
一、钻研《英语课程标准》，领会其精神实质。
《课标》五级目标这样描述：“1、能根据写作要求，收集、准备素材；2、能独立起草短文、短信等，并在教师的指导下进行修改；3、能使用常见的连词表示顺序和逻辑关系；4、能简单描写人物或事件；5、能根据所给图示或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明。”
從以上描述可以看出：一是“收集、准备素材”，这是最基本的。作为初中学生，最基本的当然是记忆常用词，除此之外，五大句子种类和句子的分类必须掌握。
一）五大基本句型。
1、subject+verb这种句型中的动词是不及物动词，常见的此类动词有：come, go, die, arrive等等。2、subject+link verb+predicative, 如Trees are turning green in spring. 3、subject+verb+object，如：You can put the books in your bag. 4、subject+verb+indirect object+direct object，如：Yesterday I gave her a book. 5、subject+verb+object+complement（补语），如：We found him an honest person.
二、句子种类。
按句子的用途分四种：
1、陈述句（肯定句、否定句），如：She is eleven years old. He is not a teacher.
2、疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意），如：Do you like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old？Mary can’t swim, can’t she?
3、祈使句，如：Be careful, boys. Don’t talk in class.
4、感叹句，如：How clever you are!
按句子结构可分三种：
简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。如：He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures in her spire time.
并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号把两个或两个以上以上的简单句子连在一起构成。如：You help him and he helps you.
复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。（九年级学生只掌握宾语从句即可）。如：He says he is a teacher.
学生一旦掌握了最基本的知识，进入写作练习阶段就比较容易。《课标》要求学生能“起草短文、短信、描写人物或事件、给图示或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明”。根据这些要求，全国各地中考试题都涉及其中一个方面的要求。
二、回顾往年中考试题，引导学生分类练习。
往年全国各地中考英语试题，基本上都涉及到《课标》所要求的范围，例如：
一）书信。06年北京市试题：
根据中文提示和英文书信,写一篇意思连贯、符合逻辑、不少于50词的回信。（信的开头和结尾已给出，其字数不计入所完成的回信内容。）
假设你叫李玲，是英国中学生露茜的笔友，你收到了他的电子邮件。请根据她来信内容写一封回信。针对她的困惑，谈谈你的看法，同时提出一些建议，告诉她应该做什么，不应该做什么。
Dear Li Ling,
These days Tom Cruise, the film star, always comes into my mind. I think of him night and day. I just sit in my room and watch videos of his films again and again. I’ve written hundreds of letters to him and sent e-mails to his fan club, but all I get back are only photos with his names on them. I dream that some day I’ll meet him and that he’ll fell the same way about me. I don’t want to lean my lessons any more, and I’ll have final exams next month.
I’m thinking of running away to Hollywood(好莱坞) to meet him. Can you help me with the problem?
Yours,
Lucy
Hi Lucy,
Nice to hear from you.
Yours,
Li Ling
参考短文：
Hi Lucy,
Nice to hear from you. Everyone has his favorite stars and there’s nothing wrong with that. I understand you. But I don’t think what you do is right since you are a student. You’d better read more interesting books and have more sports in your free time. Stop writing to him and watching his films. You may also tell your problem to your parents and teachers. I’m sure they’ll help you. Running away to Hollywood is a wrong idea. Work hard on your lessons and get ready for the exams. Your future is in your hands.
Yours,
Li Ling
写作技巧点拨
写信是我们日常生活中常遇到的事，所以《课标》和《考试说明》中，都将其作为学习的重要内容之一，在全国各省市中考试题中，写信出现的频率比较高，所以考生要予以重视。
这既是一片提示文又是一篇书信，两种文体合二为一。要求考生仔细阅读提示，弄清题意，紧扣要点，写出符合题意的短文—回信，同时要注意书信的书写格式。英文书信一般由以下四部分组成。Heading(写信人的地址和日期，位于右上角)Salutation(称呼，位于左上角，顶格)Body(正文，开头空一字，其他与汉语写法一致。)Signature(签名，位于正文右下方。)
趁热演练
假如你是Li Ming，你收到你的外国朋友的一封咨询信：
Dear Li Ming,
For the coming winter vacation(寒假)，my family and I want to spend our vacation in a place for seven days. We would like to go somewhere in China not only warm but also interesting. We don’t mind how far we have to go. It has to be a place where we can swim every day, and it would be nice if our hotel is not expensive but clean and comfortable. We like to pay no more than ￥6,000 for the trip. Could you please give us your suggestions(建議) for vacation spots(景点)？
Thanks a lot.
Yours,
Robert
要求：
1、请根据来信内容，从以下两个地方（北京，海南）中，选择一个符合Robert要求的度假地点，用英文写封回信，提出建议并说明理由。
2、格式正确，80—100字。
参考短文：
Dear Robert,
I’m pleased that you’d like to spend your winter vacation in China.
I think Hainan Island will be a right place for you. It’s warm in winter. There are many interesting places, such as Tianya Haijao, which means “the edge of the sky and the rain of the sea”, Wanquan River.(Dongshan Ridge, Hot Springs, Hairui Tomb) You can swim (fish, boat and dive) in the sea every day, and also there are long while beaches to walk along. You can enjoy the delicious seafood there. The hotels are not expensive but clean and comfortable, ￥6,000 will be enough for your trip.
Hope to see you in China soon.
Yours,
Li Ming
二）表格题。2006年天津市试题
请你以学校学生会的身份，写一份有关即将在本校举办2006年英语夏令营活动的书面通知，内容如下：
时间 7月29日至8月1日
地点 学校礼堂
内容
1、演讲、辩论
2、谈学习英语的经验
3、师生英语晚会
4、游览市容
要求 1、欢迎广大同学踊跃参加夏令营活动
2、活动后写一篇日记，谈谈你的感想
注意：
1、 词数在80—100个左右。
2、 意思连贯、语言通顺、避免逐条翻译。
3、 开头部分已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：做演讲make a speech(give a lecture)
辩论have a debate
June 6,2006
Dear students,
The English Summer Camp will
Students’ Union
参考短文：
Notice
Dear students
The English Summer Camp will be help in the school hall from July 29 to August 1.Many interesting activities are waiting for you to join in.
During the camp, you can give a lecture and have a debate. Besides, the students who do well in English study will talk about their experience. There is also an English party between teachers and students. In the end, you’ll have a chance to visit the City of Tianjin.
Everyone is welcome to take an active part in it. Don’t forget to tell us what you think of the camp in your diary.
Students’ Union
写作技巧点拨
不管我们将来干什么，我们都要学会应用文写作，通知是最常见的一种应用文。此题考查考生适应社会生活的能力，要求考生写通知。通知一般分为书面和口头两种，常用于上级对下级安排工作等事宜，要写的简明扼要。书面通知有固定的格式1、标题（位于正文上方正中间）。2、正文（交待集体时间、地点、活动内容和注意事项）。3、单位（发出单位，位于正文右下角）。4、发出时间（位于正文左下角）。
趁热演练
校长决定明天下午5：00在操场召开全校师生大会，做保护环境教育报告，请你写一则通知。
Notice
There will be a talk about How to keep our environment at 5:00 tomorrow on the playground.
School office
June, 2007
中考试题类型齐全，篇幅较大，我不可能一一列举，但管中窥豹，可见一斑，只要教师引导学生进行分类练习，并讲解写作技巧，一定会达到预期目的。
三、背诵佳句佳篇，锤炼语感。
学生写作水平的高低，取决于他有没有坚实可靠的预感。在学生的作文中，我发现除去“主系表”和“主谓宾”之类的简单句外，稍复杂一点的句子病句就比较多。我认为，背诵佳句佳篇，对提高写作能力有极大帮助。恰当地运用一些常用的习惯表达和典型句式既能有效地减少文章中的病句，又能给文章增色添彩。因此，教师应要求学生背诵所学课文中的典型佳句、优美短篇，并做到脱口而出，运用自如，经过这样目积月累，积少成多，学生在写作时才能得心应手写出好的习作。
《新概念英语》二册虽然不是课内必学材料，但它是最好的背诵材料，如果教师能利用业余时间，引导学生背诵相当篇目，会大大提高学生的语感和表达能力。
总之，教师只有认真研读《课标》，引导学生做好分类练习，指导学生背诵佳句和精品短文，才能有效地提高学生潜意识里对于语言文字的准确把握，形成心头、口头和手头三位一体的自觉行动，写出比较规范的优秀习作。
参考书目：《英语课程标准》、《高考英语写作点击与突破》、《中考英语资源学案》