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动词不定式是我们中学课本中的一项重点语法，也是历年高考的热点。它是由“to+动词原形”构成的，其否定式是“not to+动词原形”。它的句法功能种种，时态、语态多变，用法较为复杂。要学好动词不定式，必须掌握以下几个方面的内容：
基本点：
一、动词不定式的句法功能
动词不定式可在句中作主语、表语或同位语、宾语、状语、定语等，但不能单独用作谓语。
1． 作主语
不定式短语用作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。例如：
Never to trouble others is his principle.
It’s right to tell us the truth, I think.
2． 作表语或同位语
不定式用作表语或同位语时，通常用来解释说明句子主语的内容。例如：
Our plan is to complete the task in three weeks.
Our wish, to build our country into a powerful socialist country, will surely be realized.
3． 作宾语
不定式短语用作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。例如：
He wants to spend his summer holidays in Beijing this year.
I find it a pleasure to work with him.
4． 作宾语补足语
不定式短语用作宾语补足语时，它的动作的执行者是句中的宾语。如在feel, hear, see, watch, notice, find, listen to, look at, have, let, make等“感官动词”和“使役动词”后的补足语中，不定式不带to，但这些句子变为被动语态，就必须带to。试比较：
We often hear her sing in her room.
She is often heard to sing in her room.
5． 作定语
不定式短语用作定语，一般位于被修饰的名词之后，表示将来的动作。如果用作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面必须有相应的介词。例如：
I have some interesting books for you to read.
I think there is nothing to worry about.
6． 作状语
不定式短语用作状语，通常可用来表示目的、原因、结果或条件等。例如：
I came here to borrow your bike. (目的)
We felt very sad to hear the bad news. (原因)
He hurried to school to find no one there. (结果)
To look at him, you would like him. (条件)
7． 作独立成分
不定式短语用作独立成分，通常放在句首，作状语。例如：
To tell the truth, I don’t agree with you.
二、动词不定式的时态和语态
1． 动词不定式的时态
动词不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式、完成进行式四种时态变化形式，一般式和完成式有被动语态变化形式。
动词不定式的时态是以句中谓语动词的时间为依据的，具体表现在：
1)不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动作之后或同时发生。例如：
My parents have made plans to spend their holidays in Hainan next week. (to spend发生在made plans之后)
2)不定式的进行式表示其动作正在进行，与谓语动词发生的动作同时进行。例如：
When her parents came back last night, she happened to be doing her homework.
3)不定式的完成式表达下列意义：
(1)不定式的完成式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动作之前。例如：
They are said to have just finished cleaning their bedrooms. (to have just finished发生在they are said所表示的时间之前)
(2)不定式的完成式用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, promised, planned, wished, thought, desired, was, were等词后，表示未曾实现的愿望、期待、想法、打算或计划等。to have+过去分词表示动作，to have been表示状态。例如：
I meant to have dropped in at your office. (但没来)
(3)用在seem, appear, think, consider, believe等后，表示动作先于另一个动作发生。例如：
I seem to have met her at a party before. (met在seem之前发生)
(4)在should like或would like后用不定式完成式表示没有实现的愿望。例如：
I would like to have seen her expression when she heard the news. (但没有看到)
4)不定式的完成进行式表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，而且一直进行着。例如：
He looked too young to have been traveling to several countries.
他看上去太年轻，不像已经到过好几个国家的人。
2． 动词不定式的被动语态
在不定式中，如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者时，不定式要用主动语态；如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者，不定式用被动语态。试比较：
The teacher asked the students to go out for some fresh air. (主动式)
The celebrations have to be put off because of the stormy weather. (被动式)
难点：
难点一、形式上主动，意义上被动的不定式
1． 在there be+主语中，不定式用作定语修饰名词或代词，并同所修饰的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。例如：
There is no money to buy such useless things.
There are a lot of trees to plant.
2． 在“名词(代词)+be easy(difficult, fit等形容词)+不定式结构”中，有时尽管主语是动作的承受者，不定式在意义上是被动，形式上却是主动，这时可以看成省略了动词逻辑主语for us, for me, for you等。例如：
The problem is not easy to work out.
The new student is hard to get along with.
3． 如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者，不定式和它所修饰的名词虽然在逻辑上有动宾关系，也必须用主动语态，因为逻辑主语跟不定式的关系更为直接。例如：
The people there have little to eat or use.
分析：句子主语The people在逻辑上是不定式to eat or use动作的执行者，不定式to eat or use和它修饰的名词little在逻辑上是动宾关系，用主动形式表示被动意义。
The old man has a lot to show off.
分析：句子主语the old man在逻辑上是不定式to show off动作的执行者，不定式to show off和它修饰的名词a lot在逻辑上是动宾关系，用主动形式表示被动意义。
4． 在too…to和enough to结构中，不定式可以用主动语态表示被动意义。例如：
The suitcase is too heavy to carry.
The glass necklace is cheap enough to buy.
5． blame的不定式作表语时，用主动语态表示被动的意义，含义不同。例如：
As the accident is so serious that some leaders are to blame. (=you were in fault你应负责任)
6． something, little, what, much, a great deal to do等作句子主语，作表语时，不定式可用主动语态表示被动意义。例如：
The couple have just come back from the holiday, so a lot of house- work remains to do.
What is to do tonight?
7． to let表示“出租”，作表语时，可用“to be let”形式，但含义有些差别。例如：
The empty house is to let. 此房出租。(从房屋主人的立场讲话，由房子主人亲自向租房人说或登出广告)
The empty house is to be let. (从房屋本身来说，代理人向租房人讲话)
难点二、动词不定式和疑问词的连用
1． 疑问词+动词不定式
动词不定式可以和疑问代词如who, what, which及疑问副词如when, how, why等连用，构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：
Who to call on the professor hasn’t decided yet. (主语)
He told me how to put the film on the camera. (宾语)
The question is when to get in touch with him. (表语)
注意：在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。例如：
Why not join us?
2． “with+whom/which不定式”结构
“with+whom/which不定式”结构是一种简洁的表达方式，指物时用which，这种结构中with有时可以是by, through, on, from等。这种结构通常用作后置定语。例如：
The boy got two dollars from the stranger with which to buy some other books.
男孩从陌生人那儿得到两美元，他用来给他自己买了其他几本书。
To be frank, she is not a nice person with whom to work.
坦率地说，她不是一个很好的合作伙伴。
巩固性练习：
1. ——Can the project be finished as planned?
——Sure, ____ it completed in time, we’ll work two more hours a day.
A. having gotB. to getC. gettingD. get
2. ——Is Bob still performing?
——I’m afraid not. He is said ____ the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have leftB. to leave
C. to have been leftD. to be left
3. We went to the airport to see Mr. Smith off, but we hurried there____ the plane ____ off．
A. finding; takingB. to find; taken
C. finding; to takeD. to find; had taken
4. The flu is believed ____ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A. causingB. being caused
C. to be causedD. be have caused
5. Helen had to shout ____ above the sound of the music.
A. making herself hearB. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
6. ——Why do you look so sad?
——There are so many problems ____.
A. remaining to settleB. remained settling
C. remaining to be settledD. remained to be settled
7. I’d rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.
A. to get worseB. to have got worse
C. that it is getting worseD. to be getting worse
8. Everyone here will thank the firefighters for the things they have done to prevent fires ____ the environment safer.
A. makeB. to makingC. to makeD. from making
9. Pleasant as they made it ____, we felt tired after the long journey.
A. to travelB. travelC. traveledD. traveling
10. ——Really nice ____ you. I’m going to miss you.
——Don’t forget to give me a ring, will you?
A. knowsB. to know
C. to have knownD. knew
11. The party was successful, but we thought it a pity not ____ you.
A. inviteB. to invite
C. to have invitedD. inviting
12. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ____ whether he was going in the right direction.
A. seeingB. having seenC. to seeD. to have seen
13. ____ with such great difficulty, Jack felt at a loss ____.
A. Facing; what to sayB. Faced; what to say
C. Having faced; how to tellD. Being faced; how to speak
14. The teacher ____ at the desk ____ the exam papers.
A. sat; to be correctingB. sat down; to correct
C. sat; to correctD. was sitting down; correcting
15. With a lot of difficult problems ____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settledB. settlingC. to settleD. being settled
16. The way you think of ____ our living conditions sounds reasonable．
A. improveB. to improveC. improvingD. improvement
17. I meant ____， but when I was leaving， I couldn’t find her anywhere.
A. to doB. toC. doingD. doing to
18. Charles Babbage is generally considered ____ the first computer. A. to inventB. inventing
C. to have inventedD. having invented
19. My advisor encouraged ____ a summer course to improve my writing skills.
A. for me takingB. me taking
C. for me to take D. me to take
20. The doctor examined the patient carefully, only ____ she was not seriously ill.
A. foundB. to findC. findingD. to be found
Key(2)
基本点：
一、动词不定式的句法功能
动词不定式可在句中作主语、表语或同位语、宾语、状语、定语等，但不能单独用作谓语。
1． 作主语
不定式短语用作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。例如：
Never to trouble others is his principle.
It’s right to tell us the truth, I think.
2． 作表语或同位语
不定式用作表语或同位语时，通常用来解释说明句子主语的内容。例如：
Our plan is to complete the task in three weeks.
Our wish, to build our country into a powerful socialist country, will surely be realized.
3． 作宾语
不定式短语用作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。例如：
He wants to spend his summer holidays in Beijing this year.
I find it a pleasure to work with him.
4． 作宾语补足语
不定式短语用作宾语补足语时，它的动作的执行者是句中的宾语。如在feel, hear, see, watch, notice, find, listen to, look at, have, let, make等“感官动词”和“使役动词”后的补足语中，不定式不带to，但这些句子变为被动语态，就必须带to。试比较：
We often hear her sing in her room.
She is often heard to sing in her room.
5． 作定语
不定式短语用作定语，一般位于被修饰的名词之后，表示将来的动作。如果用作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面必须有相应的介词。例如：
I have some interesting books for you to read.
I think there is nothing to worry about.
6． 作状语
不定式短语用作状语，通常可用来表示目的、原因、结果或条件等。例如：
I came here to borrow your bike. (目的)
We felt very sad to hear the bad news. (原因)
He hurried to school to find no one there. (结果)
To look at him, you would like him. (条件)
7． 作独立成分
不定式短语用作独立成分，通常放在句首，作状语。例如：
To tell the truth, I don’t agree with you.
二、动词不定式的时态和语态
1． 动词不定式的时态
动词不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式、完成进行式四种时态变化形式，一般式和完成式有被动语态变化形式。
动词不定式的时态是以句中谓语动词的时间为依据的，具体表现在：
1)不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动作之后或同时发生。例如：
My parents have made plans to spend their holidays in Hainan next week. (to spend发生在made plans之后)
2)不定式的进行式表示其动作正在进行，与谓语动词发生的动作同时进行。例如：
When her parents came back last night, she happened to be doing her homework.
3)不定式的完成式表达下列意义：
(1)不定式的完成式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动作之前。例如：
They are said to have just finished cleaning their bedrooms. (to have just finished发生在they are said所表示的时间之前)
(2)不定式的完成式用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, promised, planned, wished, thought, desired, was, were等词后，表示未曾实现的愿望、期待、想法、打算或计划等。to have+过去分词表示动作，to have been表示状态。例如：
I meant to have dropped in at your office. (但没来)
(3)用在seem, appear, think, consider, believe等后，表示动作先于另一个动作发生。例如：
I seem to have met her at a party before. (met在seem之前发生)
(4)在should like或would like后用不定式完成式表示没有实现的愿望。例如：
I would like to have seen her expression when she heard the news. (但没有看到)
4)不定式的完成进行式表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，而且一直进行着。例如：
He looked too young to have been traveling to several countries.
他看上去太年轻，不像已经到过好几个国家的人。
2． 动词不定式的被动语态
在不定式中，如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者时，不定式要用主动语态；如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者，不定式用被动语态。试比较：
The teacher asked the students to go out for some fresh air. (主动式)
The celebrations have to be put off because of the stormy weather. (被动式)
难点：
难点一、形式上主动，意义上被动的不定式
1． 在there be+主语中，不定式用作定语修饰名词或代词，并同所修饰的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。例如：
There is no money to buy such useless things.
There are a lot of trees to plant.
2． 在“名词(代词)+be easy(difficult, fit等形容词)+不定式结构”中，有时尽管主语是动作的承受者，不定式在意义上是被动，形式上却是主动，这时可以看成省略了动词逻辑主语for us, for me, for you等。例如：
The problem is not easy to work out.
The new student is hard to get along with.
3． 如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者，不定式和它所修饰的名词虽然在逻辑上有动宾关系，也必须用主动语态，因为逻辑主语跟不定式的关系更为直接。例如：
The people there have little to eat or use.
分析：句子主语The people在逻辑上是不定式to eat or use动作的执行者，不定式to eat or use和它修饰的名词little在逻辑上是动宾关系，用主动形式表示被动意义。
The old man has a lot to show off.
分析：句子主语the old man在逻辑上是不定式to show off动作的执行者，不定式to show off和它修饰的名词a lot在逻辑上是动宾关系，用主动形式表示被动意义。
4． 在too…to和enough to结构中，不定式可以用主动语态表示被动意义。例如：
The suitcase is too heavy to carry.
The glass necklace is cheap enough to buy.
5． blame的不定式作表语时，用主动语态表示被动的意义，含义不同。例如：
As the accident is so serious that some leaders are to blame. (=you were in fault你应负责任)
6． something, little, what, much, a great deal to do等作句子主语，作表语时，不定式可用主动语态表示被动意义。例如：
The couple have just come back from the holiday, so a lot of house- work remains to do.
What is to do tonight?
7． to let表示“出租”，作表语时，可用“to be let”形式，但含义有些差别。例如：
The empty house is to let. 此房出租。(从房屋主人的立场讲话，由房子主人亲自向租房人说或登出广告)
The empty house is to be let. (从房屋本身来说，代理人向租房人讲话)
难点二、动词不定式和疑问词的连用
1． 疑问词+动词不定式
动词不定式可以和疑问代词如who, what, which及疑问副词如when, how, why等连用，构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：
Who to call on the professor hasn’t decided yet. (主语)
He told me how to put the film on the camera. (宾语)
The question is when to get in touch with him. (表语)
注意：在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。例如：
Why not join us?
2． “with+whom/which不定式”结构
“with+whom/which不定式”结构是一种简洁的表达方式，指物时用which，这种结构中with有时可以是by, through, on, from等。这种结构通常用作后置定语。例如：
The boy got two dollars from the stranger with which to buy some other books.
男孩从陌生人那儿得到两美元，他用来给他自己买了其他几本书。
To be frank, she is not a nice person with whom to work.
坦率地说，她不是一个很好的合作伙伴。
巩固性练习：
1. ——Can the project be finished as planned?
——Sure, ____ it completed in time, we’ll work two more hours a day.
A. having gotB. to getC. gettingD. get
2. ——Is Bob still performing?
——I’m afraid not. He is said ____ the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have leftB. to leave
C. to have been leftD. to be left
3. We went to the airport to see Mr. Smith off, but we hurried there____ the plane ____ off．
A. finding; takingB. to find; taken
C. finding; to takeD. to find; had taken
4. The flu is believed ____ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A. causingB. being caused
C. to be causedD. be have caused
5. Helen had to shout ____ above the sound of the music.
A. making herself hearB. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
6. ——Why do you look so sad?
——There are so many problems ____.
A. remaining to settleB. remained settling
C. remaining to be settledD. remained to be settled
7. I’d rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.
A. to get worseB. to have got worse
C. that it is getting worseD. to be getting worse
8. Everyone here will thank the firefighters for the things they have done to prevent fires ____ the environment safer.
A. makeB. to makingC. to makeD. from making
9. Pleasant as they made it ____, we felt tired after the long journey.
A. to travelB. travelC. traveledD. traveling
10. ——Really nice ____ you. I’m going to miss you.
——Don’t forget to give me a ring, will you?
A. knowsB. to know
C. to have knownD. knew
11. The party was successful, but we thought it a pity not ____ you.
A. inviteB. to invite
C. to have invitedD. inviting
12. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ____ whether he was going in the right direction.
A. seeingB. having seenC. to seeD. to have seen
13. ____ with such great difficulty, Jack felt at a loss ____.
A. Facing; what to sayB. Faced; what to say
C. Having faced; how to tellD. Being faced; how to speak
14. The teacher ____ at the desk ____ the exam papers.
A. sat; to be correctingB. sat down; to correct
C. sat; to correctD. was sitting down; correcting
15. With a lot of difficult problems ____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settledB. settlingC. to settleD. being settled
16. The way you think of ____ our living conditions sounds reasonable．
A. improveB. to improveC. improvingD. improvement
17. I meant ____， but when I was leaving， I couldn’t find her anywhere.
A. to doB. toC. doingD. doing to
18. Charles Babbage is generally considered ____ the first computer. A. to inventB. inventing
C. to have inventedD. having invented
19. My advisor encouraged ____ a summer course to improve my writing skills.
A. for me takingB. me taking
C. for me to take D. me to take
20. The doctor examined the patient carefully, only ____ she was not seriously ill.
A. foundB. to findC. findingD. to be found
Key(2)