Data-driven process-monitoring methods have been the mainstream for complex industrial systems due to their universality and the reduced need for reaction mechanisms and first-principles knowledge.However,most data-driven process-monitoring methods assume that historical training data and online testing data follow the same distribution.In fact,due to the harsh environment of industrial sys-tems,the collected data from real industrial processes are always affected by many factors,such as the changeable operating environment,variation in the raw materials,and production indexes.These fac-tors often cause the distributions of online monitoring data and historical training data to differ,which induces a model mismatch in the process-monitoring task.Thus,it is difficult to achieve accurate pro-cess monitoring when a model learned from training data is applied to actual online monitoring.In order to resolve the problem of the distribution divergence between historical training data and online testing data that is induced by changeable operation environments,a robust transfer dictionary learning(RTDL)algorithm is proposed in this paper for industrial process monitoring.The RTDL is a synergy of rep-resentative learning and domain adaptive transfer learning.The proposed method regards historical train-ing data and online testing data as the source domain and the target domain,respectively,in the transfer learning problem.Maximum mean discrepancy regularization and linear discriminant analysis-like regu-larization are then incorporated into the dictionary learning framework,which can reduce the distribution divergence between the source domain and target domain.In this way,a robust dictionary can be learned even if the characteristics of the source domain and target domain are evidently different under the inter-ference of a realistic and changeable operation environment Such a dictionary can effectively improve the performance of process monitoring and mode classification.Extensive experiments including a numerical simulation and two industrial systems are conducted to verify the efficiency and superiority of the pro-posed method.