不爱长城非好汉

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  “山激起人们攀登的欲望,而墙总是诱惑人们想知道墙的另一面有些什么。作为一个长跑者,面对一座长而古老的墙,他别无选择,只想沿着它奔跑。”
  “不到长城非好汉”,毛主席于1935年在长征路上为激励红军写下了这句诗。在70多年后的今天,到达长城是件再容易不过的事情了。人们有了钱,有了时间,有了车,还有了很好的路。或许我们现在应该说:“不爱长城非好汉”。我们必须学会轻轻地走过这座露天博物馆,不要把自己的名字和想说的话乱写在有500多年历史的砖上。我们必须从新的角度看待长城,它不仅仅是个古建筑,而且是个景观;它不仅仅是属于我们今天的所用之物,而且是我们大家为了明天而必须保护好的珍品。
  ——威廉·林赛
  
  On China’s National Day in 1998, William Lindesay led 120 volunteers to pick up garbage along the Jinshanling section of the Great Wall. During the campaign, 15 garbage bins were donated to the group.
  Enthusiastically concerned about the protection of the Great Wall, William Lindesay, from Britain, is the Director General of 1)International Friends of the Great Wall. Since 1998, he has organized many campaigns aiming to protect sections of the Great Wall in the wilderness, just outside Beijing. His efforts and deeds won him the Friendship Prize for Foreign Experts, awarded to him by the State Council of China in 1998. In addition, the Xinhua News Agency has praised him as “the most successful foreigner in exploring the Great Wall.”
  William Lindesay’s bond with the Great Wall started in 1969 when, as an 11-year-old boy, for the first time he discovered the Great Wall on a map. From then on, he dreamed of visiting this wonderful, ancient 2)fortification.
  His dream came true when in 1987 he traveled 2,470 kilometers on foot along a section of the Great Wall constructed during the Ming Dynasty (1368--1644). The journey added an unforgettable memory to his life. Majoring in geography and 3)geology, William Lindesay graduated from the 4)University of Liverpool. As a researcher of geography, he has deepened his understanding of the field through his 5)treks along the Great Wall.
  Snaking along 6,700 kilometers of mountaintops, the Ming Dynasty Great Wall was a complex system of border defenses. It is now regarded as one of the most magnificent man-made wonder of the world. Visitors are typically awestruck, at the sight of the sheer vastness and 6)bulk of it, and contemplate the means and construction materials used to build the wall in such 7)precipitous places.
  William Lindesay, however, sees the Great Wall as “an open-air museum without a 8)curator.” As a geologist, he thinks that the charm of the Great Wall not only comes through in each individual brick and stone, but is also inseparable from its surrounding natural landscapes. In other words, the Wall’s surroundings are just as important as the Wall itself. The Ming Dynasty Great Wall stands out as the most labor-intensive and time-consuming construction project in the history of the world, requiring vast amounts of resources. It is also the largest single cultural relic on Earth.
  


  Unfortunately, over the years inconsiderate tourists have left behind their mark on the Wall, in the form of litter and graffiti, while local residents use illegal iron or wooden ladders, propping them up against the side of the Wall. Real estate developers, on the other hand, have built 9)villas beside the ancient structure. In William Lindesay’s
  opinion, all of these factors have contributed to damaging the wall. Aware of these threats and their growing severity, Lindesay has committed himself to the protection of the Great Wall, and especially its surroundings. In April 1998, he launched the first Great Wall Cleanup Campaign, which raised public awareness of the Great Wall’s need of protection. Since 1998, he has organized many similar activities. In November 2000, he 10)teamed up with the Beijing Bureau for Cultural Relics, on a jointly submitted application to the US-based 11)World Monuments Fund (WMF), seeking to have the wild sections of the Great Wall in the area near Beijing listed on the Fund’s “2002 List of the World’s Most 100 Endangered Sites.” On October 11, 2001, the WMF published its 2002 list, which included the “Cultural Landscape of the Great Wall, Beijing.”
  During 2001, in Hong Kong, in an attempt to 12)mobilize more people to join the campaign for protection of the Great Wall, Lindesay registered a non-profit organization named International Friends of the Great Wall. Over the past few years, the organization has joined hands with the Beijing Bureau for Cultural Relics and the Beijing Office of 13)UNESCO, working to preserve the primitive, natural, and cultural landscapes along the Great Wall.
  


  Using domestic and international media channels, they have 14)spearheaded a program to generate awareness of the problems 15)afflicting the wall, and also 16)piloted a 17)stewardship field program. Inclusion of the Great Wall Cultural Landscape in the Beijing Region on WMF’s “2002 List of the 100 Most Endangered Sites” has highlighted the plight of this ancient monument, so that its conservation might find a place on China’s cultural relics protection agenda.
  Partly as a result of these efforts, the Great Wall conservation movement entered into the modern era in the summer of 2003, as the Beijing Municipal Government introduced, for the first time, laws for the 18)generic protection of cultural relics. The laws are aimed at combating the destruction of the wall, 19)albeit only in the Beijing area. 20)Leasing land to developers, in areas 21)adjacent to the wall, will be banned; the general public will no longer be allowed access to some of the more fragile sections; and buildings deemed to be the cause of “visual pollution” will be demolished, for the sake of preserving China’s Great Wall-scape.
  During the years he has lived in China, William Lindesay has spent over 500 days and nights on the Great Wall, leaving his footprints along some 2,500 kilometers of its length. Once a lasting bond between him and the ancient monument had been firmly established, it was only natural for him to take the next step, by deciding to devote himself to protecting the Great Wall, for the remainder of his life.
  


  
  1998年的中国国庆节,威廉·林赛带着120名志愿者在长城的金山岭段捡垃圾。在这次活动中,他们获赠了15个垃圾箱。
  来自英国的威廉·林赛是“国际长城之友协会”的会长,他很热切地关注对长城的保护。自1998年以来,他多次组织了保护北京郊外的几段长城的活动。因为他突出的努力和事迹,他获得了由中国国务院颁发的“1998年度外国专家友谊奖”。此外,他还被新华社誉为“探索长城最成功的外国友人”。
  威廉·林赛与长城的不解之缘始于1969年,那时他还是一个11岁的小男孩,第一次在一张地图上发现了长城。从那时起,他就梦想着踏上这座雄伟而古老的防御工事。
  1987年,他在明长城上徒步行走了2470公里,终于梦想成真。这次旅程成为了他终生难忘的回忆。威廉·林赛毕业于英国利物浦大学,主修地理和地质学。作为一名地理研究者,沿着长城进行的艰苦跋涉加深了他对地理专业的理解。
  明长城沿着山顶蜿蜒6700公里,这在当时是一道复杂的边界防御工事。现在,它被公认为是世界上最宏伟的人造奇观之一。游客们看到如此雄伟壮观的建筑,顿时肃然起敬,并且思考人们是如何在如此陡峭的山岭上修建长城的,所用的建筑材料又是什么。
  然而,威廉·林赛把长城看作是“一座没有馆长的露天博物馆”。作为一名地质学家,他认为长城的魅力不仅仅源自它的一砖一石,还与它四周的自然景观不可分割。也就是说,长城四周的自然景观与长城本身同样重要。明长城是世界历史上最耗时且最耗力的建筑工程,其建造还需要耗费大量的资源,它同时也是世界上最大的一处文化遗迹。
  不幸的是,多年来,许多不文明的游客乱扔垃圾,乱涂乱画,在长城上留下斑斑印记;当地的居民则非法地把铁梯或木梯靠在城墙上。同时,房地产开发商还在这座古建筑旁建造别墅。威廉·林赛认为,所有这些因素都给长城带来了损害。他意识到这些危害日趋严重,决定尽全力保护长城,尤其是长城周围的环境。1998年4月,他发起了首次“清理长城活动”,让公众意识到保护长城的必要性。自1998年以来,他已经组织了多次类似的活动。2000年11月,他和北京市文物局一起向总部在美国的世界文化遗产基金会(WMF)递交申请,要求把北京附近地区的几段郊外长城列入该基金会的“2002年100个世界濒危文化遗产名单”中。2001年10月11日,世界文化遗产基金会公布了2002年的名单,其中就包括了“北京地区长城自然文化景观”。
  为了动员更多的人参与保护长城的活动,2001年,林赛在香港注册了一个非营利性组织——“国际长城之友协会”。在过去的几年里,该组织与北京市文物局、联合国教科文组织北京办事处联手保护长城一带的原始自然文化地貌。
  通过国内和国际媒体的宣传渠道,他们率先启动了一个项目,以引起大家关注危及长城的问题,同时他们还推出了保护长城的一个实地管理项目。“北京地区长城自然文化景观”被列入世界文化遗产基金会的“2002年100个世界濒危文化遗产名单”这件事,凸现了长城这座古建筑所陷入的困境,这使得对长城的保护在中国文化遗产的保护议程上可能争得一席之地。
  这些努力的结果之一,是2003年夏天,保护长城的运动进入了新时期——北京市政府首次颁布了一系列文化遗产的专项保护办法。颁布这些保护办法的目的在于抵制对长城的破坏,尽管这只局限于北京地区。把长城附近的土地租赁给开发商的行为将会被禁止;一些相对易受损的长城段将不允许公众进入;为了保护中国长城景区的原貌,那些被视为“视觉污染”的建筑物将被拆除。
  在中国居住多年以来,威廉·林赛已经在长城上度过了500多个日日夜夜,并在大约2500公里长的长城上留下了他的足迹。随着他与这座古老的建筑建立起牢固而持久的感情,他很自然地迈出了下一步——决定用余生全力保护长城。
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