一、引言电子计算机实际应用的历史,即使说成是可靠性技术发展的历史也并非言过其实。美国第一台电子计算机ENIAC(1945年),使用了多达一万八千只电子管,由于可靠性等原因,ENIAC 未能得到实际应用。1951年3月,在冯·诺依曼领导下的研究小组把第一台UNIVAC-Ⅰ电子计算机交付美国人口统计局使用,揭开了计算机实际应用的帷幕。UNIVC-Ⅰ中不仅凝聚了冯·诺依曼 I. INTRODUCTION The history of the practical application of electronic computers is not an exaggeration to say the history of the development of reliable technologies. ENIAC (1945), the first electronic computer in the United States, used as many as 18,000 electron tubes, and ENIAC was not practical due to reliability and other reasons. In March 1951, a research team led by von Neumann delivered the first UNIVAC-I electronic computer to the United States Bureau of Statistics and opened the curtain on the practical application of computers. Not only does UNIVC-I condense von Neumann