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超越抽象的普遍性来观察差异权,以便使该权利充分体现平等原则,这是当今的政治哲学不可推卸的责任,尤其当这一原则涉及到权利和公民资格的问题时。今天,妇女们争取平等、更公平的代表制,乃至男女同权的斗争无疑表明,民主制的有效性也取决于对这类问题的重视程度。然而,政治哲学似乎一贯将妇女排除在公民之外,通过等级划分对妇女加以排斥。我们在此应看到的是,现代性在建构公民权时先是将妇女排除在外,并将私人与公共、家庭空间与公共空间、家庭管理与都市管理之间的界限加以固化。为说明这一点,我们将通过卢梭的思想来表明:人为手法如何只能在保留妇女对男人的从属这个“自然秩序”的基本遗迹中解决社会无序的问题。
It is an unshirkable responsibility of today’s political philosophy to look beyond the universality of abstraction to observe the right of difference in order to make the right fully manifest the principle of equality, especially when it concerns the issue of rights and citizenship. The struggle of women today for equality and more equitable representation and even of fellow men and women undoubtedly shows that the effectiveness of democracy depends on the degree of emphasis placed on such issues. However, political philosophy seems to consistently exclude women from citizens and reject women by hierarchy. What we should note here is that modernity first excludes women in building citizenship and solidifies the line between private and public, family and public spaces, family management and urban management. To illustrate this point, we will show, through Rousseau’s ideas, how man-made approaches can only solve the problem of social disorder in preserving the basic remains of women’s subordination to men as the “natural order.”