论文部分内容阅读
Abstract Through the analysis on the cultivation advantages and development problems of traditional Chinese medicinal planting industry in Shiyan City, Hubei Province, some measures were proposed to enlarge and enhance the traditional Chinese medicinal planting industry, namely, largescale, standardized, marketoriented and regionalized planting, thereby making it the pillar industry for farmers to increase income.
Key words Shiyan City; Problems and Countermeasures; traditional Chinese medicinal materials; Planting industry
Received: October 5, 2019Accepted: November 3, 2019
Jun ZHOU (1975-), male, P. R. China, senior agronomist, devoted to research about crop cultivation and promotion and new variety breeding.
*Corresponding author. Email: 13986911457@163.com.
Located in the northwestern of Hubei Province (110°47′E, 32°39′N), Shiyan City belongs to the broadbased Qinling Bashan with subtropical monsoon climate. In the city, Cangshan runs up and down like the sea, high into the clouds with magnificent views; the Han River runs from the west to the east through the whole city into the border Hebei Province. It has Wuhuan Mountains in the east, sharing borders with Xiangyang; Shenongjia in the south, sharing borders with forest areas; Bashan Ranges in the west, sharing borders with Shaanxi and Chongqing; Qinling Mountains in the north. The whole areas is characterized for its humid climate, abundant rainfall, four distinct seasons, sufficient sunshine and long frostfree period. Known as the "storehouse for natural herbal medicines", Shennongjia and Wudang Mountains are the birthplaces of traditional Chinese medicine, where there are many kinds of traditional Chinese herbal medicines. According to research, 7% of the traditional herbs listed in the "Compendium of Materia Medica" were collected here, and most of the Chinese herbal medicines are wild, mainly including Gastrodia elata, Angelica sinensis, Coptis chinensis, Radix angelicae pubescentis, Cydonia lagenaria Lois, R. bupleuri, Atractylodes lancea, Plantago depressa Willd., Nepeta cataria L., Leonurus sibiricus L., Adenophora stricta. The medicinal herbs produced in Shiyan City are quite popular in the markets in the "Four Major Medicinal Herb Producing Places", such as N. cataria L.，Dioscorea zingiberensis, R. bupleuri, A. lancea, Forsythia suspensa, Lonicera japonica, C. chinensis,Isatis tinctoria, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Codonopsis pilosula, Platycodon grandiflorum, Schisandra chinensis. The unique geographical location and ecological environment of Shiyan City are very conducive to the proliferation of animal and plant medicines, making it have special advantages in developing traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry［1］. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry of Shiyan City, which has become a "dark horse" industry in the adjustment of the agricultural industry structure in Shiyan Mountainous areas under the intensive promotion from the municipal committee and government of Shiyan City. The Hubei Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government have successively issued documents to support the development of authentic Chinese herbal medicines in the mountainous areas of northwestern Hubei Province, hoping to build them into influential highquality medicinal materials production bases throughout China. The Hubei Provincial Department of Agriculture has identified Qinba Mountain Area as the key area for the development of Chinese herbal medicine industry, in favor of constructing a regional largescale traditional Chinese herbal medicines base in WudangMountain area. The Shiyan Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government clearly put forward the grand idea of building the "Wudang Medicine Valley of China", and for this purpose, have listed Chinese herbal medicines as one of the projects for the construction of "four million" characteristic industries, hoping to build a 20 000 hm2 traditional Chinese herbal medicines planting base and form a modern traditional Chinese medicine industry with the output value reaching up to billions of Yuan within 3 to 5 years with key support and vigorous promotion from many aspect. The counties and cities throughout Shiyan have responded and cooperated actively by listing the Chinese herbal medicines as the key industry,enhancing the construction and striving for breakthroughs.
The current traditional Chinese herbal medicine industry is mainly concentrated on the cultivation of Chinese herbal medicines. Relying on resource advantages, Shiyan City vigorously make efforts to promote the cultivation of Chinese herbal medicines. In the process of planting traditional Chinese herbal medicines, Shiyan City adheres to the principle of attaching equal importance to building a herbs source base for both local and outside pharmaceutical enterprises, actively implements the operation mode of "company + base + farmers", and carries out ordersbased planting and contract acquisition in market orientation with promoting standardized planting as the key, which fully activate the enthusiasm of the majority of farmers. At present, the city has a herbal medicines planting area about 10 000 hm2 cultivated species like A. sinensis, R. bupleuri, A. lancea, P. depressa Willd., N. cataria L., Eucommia ulmoides, Rhus chinensis, R. paeoniae alba, C. lagenaria Lois, Cape jasmine. The utilization value of traditional Chinese herbal medicines has been continuously explored, for which each county (city) has enhanced the research. However, it is hard to have smooth development for any industry, which is also the case with the development of traditional Chinese herbal medicine industry. There are still a variety of problems faced with the traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry in the mountainous areas in Shiyan City. Problems in Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Planting Industry in Shiyan City
Lack of enterprise competitiveness
After years of construction, although the traditional Chinese herbal medicine enterprises in Shiyan City have made great progress, the overall industrial level is still very low. This is mainly because the pharmaceutical enterprises in Shiyan City have not formed an industrial chain and economic scale, and the lack the economic appealing to pull the regional pharmaceutical economy, making it unable for the enterprises in Shiyan to compete with the firstclass pharmaceutical companies in the province and the whole country.
Imperfect standard specifications
At present, there is still no quality standards and quality control systems that are in line with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine and recognized by the international community in Shiyan. Moreover, the quality standards of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces, traditional Chinese herbal extracts are still far from perfect, so the standards are far from reflecting the quality of traditional Chinese medicinal products, far from meeting the demand of the market.
Low combination of medical research and practical production needs
At present, the Chinese herbal medicine industry in Shiyan City is still in serious lack ofresearch due to the factors like the scale of the enterprise, the enterprises still have no main body for research and input, the produced products are low in quality but high in repetition rates, and there is a serious disconnect between technological innovation and industrialization. Shiyan City takes the lead in Hubei Province in scientific research project approvals and scientific research achievements every year, and ranks among the tops in the overall R&D strength of medicine, but the scientific research strength has not been transformed into productivity.
Production blindness
Traditional Chinese medicinal materials are special commodities, and their production and development depend on the needs of the market, so their production is highly constrained by market conditions. As Shiyan City has not been able to form a topdown, inline outreaching Chinese herbal medicine industry development information system, it is difficult for the majority of herbs growers to obtain accurate and reliable market information and technical information in time, which has made it impossible for the herbs growers to adjust the variety structure in time, thereby increasing the blindness of production. The turmeric industry in Shiyan City is a typical example. In the 1910s, driven by the interests, the turmeric planting area was blindly expanded, so that the supply of saponin exceeded demand, the price of saponin fell, and the efficiency of planting ginger showed a negative growth, bringing great economic losses to the herbs growers. Difficulty in long lasting traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry
Governments lack of clear understanding and longterm planning for development of the industry Compared with planting crops and planting tea crops, planting Chinese herbal medicines is the same as planting, but the cultivation of Chinese herbal medicines has its particularity. Traditional Chinese medicinal products are greatly different from the crops and tea products in products function, rules of supply and demand, and market price. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine is not a daily necessities for people like three meals of a day, nor is it a hobby that people often drink, the demand for each medicinal material is related with the change of human diseases, the outbreak of epidemic diseases, and the severity of outbreaks. Thus, the demand varies greatly. The cultivation and production of traditional Chinese herbal medicines have a relatively long cycle and need to grow for 2-3 years or even longer.
Great fluctuations of the market price and production, making it difficult to control the price Demand changes rapidly, but supply cannot be adjusted and changed quickly. It is difficult to keep up with the rhythm of demand, which has caused the frequent and wide fluctuations ofmarket prices of traditional Chinese herbal medicines, which go far exceed crops and tea crops. When the demand for a certain medicinal material suddenly increases sharply, but the reserve is insufficient and the market is very scarce, the price will rise rapidly, and the price may increase several times or even tens of times; but when the demand for a certain medicinal material is reduced, if the market is oversupply, the price will plummet again. "A thing is valued if it is rare", which truly reflects the difference in the price of traditional Chinese herbal medicines. The difficulties in predicting market, controlling market price, and the weak relationship between market prices and production cost make it even more difficult for the sustainable and stable development of traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry in actual practice. Moreover, the government often attaches great importance to the traditional Chinese herbal medicine industry when the grain and oil production is relatively surplus while the Chinese herbal medicine market is promising, but totally ignores it when the Chinese herbal medicines are falling on the market. This kind of guiding ideology that follows the market and has subjectively made it difficult to achieve the sustainable development of traditional Chinese herbal industry. Strict requirement on planting environment Most traditional Chinese herbal medicines require strict environmental conditions. If the environment is not suitable, sometimes it is difficult for the plants to grow normally, and sometimes although the plants can grow, the product quality cannot meet the requirement as "medicinal materials". Moreover, most of the traditional Chinese medicinal medicines are cultivated using rhizome breeding, which is characterized for large seed amount per area, low breeding rate and high seeding rate, all of which determine that the development of the traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry can only adhere to trial and demonstration, planting according to local conditions, and steadily advance, but cannot rush to seek success and engage in "leapforward" development.
Lack of scientific and rational input management mechanism The production cost of traditional Chinese herbal medicines is relatively high. Many farmers want to develop traditional Chinese herbal medicines. However, due to lack of funds and lack of technology, they have to be trapped in smallscale, fastgrowing food cultivation. In order to solve the problems of shortage of funds and poor management of traditional Chinese herbal medicines, some counties have made some bold attempts in land "antirental and reversed" in previous years. The specific operation mode is as follows: select projects using investment methods with capital and management advantages, and concentrate on largescale continuous planting in rental land in the rural areas. After the land is rented, the farmer is no longer responsible for production investment, but he can still invests his labor in his land to earn labor remuneration. In this way, the capital and investment advantages from the party investing capitals are actively combined with the land and labor advantages of the party investing land, in which the capital investors can put the project into practice, and the labor investors can take responsibilities but not risks. In theory, it should be mutually beneficial and multifaceted. However, in fact, due to the uneven quality of rural farmers and the lack of legal awareness, coupled with the scattered distribution of cultivated land as well as the long farming time, it is difficult for the capital investors to conduct timely and effective management and control. A mistake in agricultural production may result in a full failure, which is difficult for remediation. Practice has proved that this mode of operation is not feasible in mountainous areas. Further research remains to be carried out to explore the input management mechanism in the mountainous area, which can effectively restrain the behaviors and responsibilities of both parties, so as to ensure the smooth implementation of the project, thereby obtaining the maximum benefit and realizing the common wins of both parties. Imperfect management institutions There is a serious shortage of highquality seeds, insufficient development of valuable medicinal materials, and the management of Chinese herbal medicine industry is not perfect. At present, only some counties and cities have set up special traditional Chinese herbal medicine industry management institutions. Most of the work related to the promotion of traditional Chinese herbal medicine planting technology, planting regional planning, and the development of Chinese herbal medicine industry is carried out by parttime personnel. The input support is insufficient. Among the agricultural science and technology personnel through the city, there are many specialties in grain and oil cultivation, and there are very few specialists in cultivating traditional Chinese herbal medicines, and there are quite few planting technicians and processing talents for traditional Chinese herbal medicines. In addition, there is high risk in planting Chinese herbal medicines, limited funds funds for special cultivation of medicinal materials, a lack of neutralizing channels.
There is a serious shortage of quality seeds (seedlings). All counties (cities, districts) have not systematically carried out the breeding, purification and production demonstration of traditional Chinese medicinal materials. The research on improved breeding techniques is basically a blank. The medicinal seeds are only an appendage for the production of medicinal materials, and there is no technical regulation or specialized base for the breeding of traditional Chinese medicinal materials.
The development of valuable traditional Chinese herbal medicines is not enough. The development and utilization of precious Chinese herbal medicines such Ganoderma lucidum, Paris polyphylla, Trillium tschonoskii are less than 10%, presenting the fact that hundreds of precious traditional Chinese herbal medicines are lying in the mountains without peoples awareness.
Agricultural Biotechnology2019
Problems in the Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials (Planting Base Construction)
Scattered planting, poor scale efficiency, low standardized production
Due to the limited strength of the herb planting growers, the planting of traditional Chinese medicinal materials is scattered, and there is few planting in continuous scale. The degree of intensification is low, just like the white peony root planting in Fangxian county. The households that plant white peony root are like peanut, which is difficult to standardize. In addition, the medicinal materials planting area is mostly in the mountainous areas, where the lagged information and transportation makes it difficult to scale up the planting. It is like Fangxian county, once the county producing special herbal varieties like C. chinensis, C. pilosula, G. elata, R. bletillae, B. sinenses, G. pentaphyllum, but the small planting scale and low wholesale supply capacity make it is difficult for the county to stand out in the market. Emphasis on production but no emphasis on technology and management, resulting in poor quality
Quite a lot of bases attach importance to the producing quantity but ignore the quality,together with the abuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, leading to the decline in the quality of traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Moreover, the lack of technical guidance and tracking services make it unable to carry out monitoring forecasting and field management during the normal growth of traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Taking the Bupleurum sinenses base for example, due to the ignorance of base management, various kinds of pests and diseases have appeared, and even the subsidies given by the government on the planting base have been used to grow vegetables.
Unclear understanding of the special characteristics of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, and lacking in clear industrial layout
There are certain differences between traditional Chinese medicinal materials cultivation and grain and oil production. The cultivation of traditional Chinese medicinal materials have stricter requirements on natural conditions like climate, soil, sunlight, humidity and cultivation techniques. If the plants grow in unfavorable conditions or the planting is not carried out properly, either there is no economic output, or the quality of the output cannot meet the requirement, namely, the economic benefits are too low to have any production value. Therefore, the development of traditional Chinese medicinal materials must have scientific and reasonable production layout based on indepth investigation and research, select the optimal region and variety according to the local conditions and the adaptability of the herb variety itself, and adopt the proper cultivation techniques. However, for some counties, the development of traditional Chinese medicinal materials either only pays attention to the economic benefits but ignores the practical reality, attaches importance to the development scale and speed but not sticks to trial and demonstration, plants what is popular but ignore the actual needs, resulting in some facts that the herbal plants are planted in some areas which are not suitable, and improper some species and varieties are introduced. In some areas, the lack of planting experience and improper management have resulted in unsatisfactory benefits. Focusing only on production without understanding the market conditions and information, some bases blindly carry out repeated construction. For example, there are a large number of people planting Bletilla striata when the price is high. Some only focus on developing the production but carry out no indepth market investigation and prospect analysis, so planting varieties are single and the price is low and unsalable. For example, Gynostemma pentaphyllum in Fangxian county has high yield but low harvest. Some farmers even spend a large amount of money introducing medicinal herbs from other places after seeing some false advertisements, often resulting in heavy loss. Low organizational degree of medicinal herb growers, and lack of leading enterprises
Quite different from the common agricultural production, the development of traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry need to carry out the production in deep mountains where the transportation and information are blocked, but the sales must be managed by large enterprises and large marketing companies. For years, the production of traditional Chinese herbal medicines in Shiyan City has been independently operated by herb growers but lacks the support of professional cooperative organizations. Due to the lack of large enterprises, the cultivation of traditional Chinese medicinal materials is scattered in Shiyan City, with low standardization and scale production degree, as well as unstable yield and quality. In the meantime, the traditional Chinese herbal medicine raw materials have high dependence on outside production. The medicinal materials processing enterprises and the top three hospitals in the city use a large number of raw materials for Chinese herbal medicines from outside the city. There is no supporting industrial chain among traditional Chinese herbal medicines, traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces and Chinese patent medicines production, and thus the rich traditional Chinese herbal medicine resources have not got sufficient exploration and utilization. Due to the lack of information, the herb growers cannot accurately analyze and grasp the market, and cannot keep up with the pace of market demand. Blind planting leads to low benefits, which seriously restricts the healthy development of the traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry.
Lagged technology and research, simple and extensive planting and processing
With the changes and development of the social situation, the original medicinal materials production experience and technology has become increasingly unsuitable for market demand. Especially in recent years, China has advocated the establishment of a standardized GAP (Good Agriculture Practice) production base for traditional Chinese herbal medicines, in order to let products enter the market. However, most counties have studied more in conventional agriculture over the years, but there are few studies on the cultivation and processing of traditional Chinese medicine. Therefore, most of the traditional Chinese medicine production follows traditional techniques and experience, simple and extensive. Particularly the processing and storage of Chinese herbal medicines, the simple technical facilities make it unable to produce good products with the good medicinal materials, and therefore, the products cannot sell for a good price. At the same time, most of the species and varieties have not yet established GAP standards, or not planted according to standards, which also pose huge hidden dangers for future product sales. In addition, in some newlydevelopment areas of Chinese herbal medicine, the rapid development of technology, weak technical strength, insufficient planting experience, and some copying experience in the field, have led to major errors in production. Some Chinese herbal medicines have problems such as grass shortage and disease after planting, which cannot be solved in a timely and effective manner, thereby leading to losses to production. Small industry scale and lack of scale advantages
In addition to a small number of medicinal materials such as L. japonica, P. grandiflorum, R. isatidis and some woody medicinal materials, which have wide adaptability and can be planted in large scale, most of the medicinal materials can only be planted in some areas which mainly concentrate in Zhushan, Fangxian and Zhuxi. However, these areas are sparsely populated with limited cultivated land, making it difficult to carry out mechnized operations. Therefore, the yearly medicinal planting area is only about 7 000 hm2. Moreover, in recent years, the focus of government support and development in the region has turned into fluecured tobacco planting, which takes up the room and labor force for planting medicinal materials. The small planting area together with the difficulty in planting directly leads to the decrease in herb planting farmers and the planting area of medicinal materials. Take the Sifangpa medicinal materials market in Zhushan county for example. In the end of the 20th century, there were more than 100 in the marketsand the planting area was above 70 hm2, but there is only 1 grower now, which has changed to plant fluecured tobacco. Second, most of the younger generation go to work in other cities, and there are now few people planting medicinal materials. At present, most of the young people in mountainous areas have chosen to go out to work except for a small number of leftbehind in rural areas. In the main producing areas of traditional Chinese herbal medicines, the relatively poor living environment and the hard working conditions worsen the outflow of young people. The older generation is getting older and is gradually withdrawing from the medicine planting industry. On the other hand, few young people are willing to learn the herb planting technology and stay in the mountains. The shortage of herb growers also bring practical difficulties to the development of traditional Chinese medicinal materials in mountainous areas. Third, the relative benefits of herb planting decrease, which directly leads to the diversion of some herb growers. Compared with growing grain, the management requirements of planting medicinal materials are more elaborate and complicated, and more labor is required. In the past, the labor resources in the mountainous areas were abundant, and the herb planting labor force was relatively easy to find and low in price,. Therefore, the cost of the drug was relatively low, and the benefit was significantly higher than that of grain planting. However, in recent years, the young and middleaged laborers in the mountainous areas have gone out a lot, so it is difficult to plant medicinal materials, and the wages have risen very quickly (at present, the labor cost in the rural area has reached 80 yuan per day), which lead to the increase in the difficulty of growing medicinal materials and costs and the decline in benefits. At the same time, planting herbs costs much labor and time, requires high labor intensity. Although it has higher benefits than planting grains, it has no significant advantage over other industries like engaging in working outside and business operating, and it is even not as stable as working outside and business operating, so some herb growers give up planting herbs and changes to other industries. As a result, the planting area of traditional Chinese herbal medicines has shrunk and the industry has shown a landslide trend. The industry has small planting scale and external influence, making it difficult to form a scale advantage. Development Direction and Suggestion for Traditional Chinese medicinal materials planting mode
The "Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Protection and Development Plan (2015-2020)" put forwards the development goal of "developing traditional Chinese medicinal material planting with the support of scientific and technological support, striving to achieve high quality and safety productions, adequate supply, stable prices of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, and promoting the sustainable and healthy development of traditional Chinese medicine industry", indicating that only the innovation of traditional Chinese herbal medicine planting mode can continuously improve the quality of the medicinal materials.
Large scale planting
The disadvantages of householdbased planting are becoming more and more obvious. The planting is difficult to mechanize, the management is difficult to rationalize, the initial processing is difficult to correct, the storage is difficult to rationalize, as well as the rural population is decreasing, the planting area is aging, and the labor cost is rising. It is bound to become a trend for cooperatives, large planters and companies to contract land for largescale planting. The scale planting can solve the problems of technology, management, storage and sales of householdbased planting, promote the construction of traceability system for the quality of traditional Chinese herbal medicines, and provide stable and safe supply of traditional Chinese herbal medicines.
Standardized planting
The standardization of planting is to promote the development of large professional households, family farms and cooperatives, realize the transformation of traditional Chinese herbal medicines from decentralized production to organized production, achieve largescale planting, boost the popularization of standardized planting techniques, strengthen the basic research on the correlation of growth and development characteristics, efficacy and growth environment of traditional Chinese herbal medicines relying on science and technology, select excellent breeding varieties, developing green control technologies for pests and diseases, develop techniques like precise operation, ecological planting, mechanized production and modern processing of traditional Chinese herbal medicines, build standardized GAP planting bases, and improve the modern production level of traditional Chinese herbal medicines.
Marketoriented planting Traditional Chinese medicinal materials product circulation enterprises can work jointly with the traditional Chinese medicinal materials production enterprises to implement the strategy of joint construction and sharing bases, and adapt to local conditions to jointly build a large scale traditional Chinese herbal medicine production base across regions, such as the cooperation between Enshi R. scrophulariae and Duhuo Base. At the same time, traditional Chinese herbal medicine production enterprises begins to develop industrial integrated production and management, and gradually becomes the mainstay of market supply, achieving integration of production, sales and marketing.
Regionalized and purified planting
Traditional Chinese medicinal materials have specific requirements for the growing environment and have obvious regional characteristics. The production areas should give priority to supporting the special varieties, taking into account the effect varieties. For example, the suitable planting area for C. chinensis is the the high mountainous areas, while Shangkan vilalge of Fangxian county is suitable for the planting of Codonopsis pilosula, and C. lagenaria is the most authentic in Yunyang.
Strengthening research on standards and the construction of GAP planting base
Wudang Mountains and Shennongjia area in Shiyan City are rich in biological resources, especially traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Attention should be paid to the study on the technical standards GAP for traditional Chinese medicinal materials cultivation, and the quality standards for traditional Chinese herbal medicines and decoction pieces. Emphasis should be laid on the authentic herbal medicines which have carried out GAP research, and have established GAP base with enterprise participation, and can find feasible quality control indexes, such as C. chinensis, C. pilosula, G. elata, R. bletillae, B. sinenses, G. pentaphyllum. It also should strengthen the construction of supporting conditions for research and development of traditional Chinese herbal medicines, integrate scientific research strength, and undertake the tasks of new medicine development, traditional Chinese medicine pharmacology, traditional Chinese medicine pharmacodynamic substance basic research, and clinical medicine research. Modernized engineering centers for traditional Chinese medicine should be established to undertake the task of developing, integrating and promoting key technologies for the modernization of traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Building up industrial brand of Shiyan
With the development of the market economy and daily increase of peoples consumption, consumers recognition of products depends more on the "brand". Most of the traditional Chinese herbal medicine enterprises in Shiyan City have small scale and low overall productivity, and the unscientific and irregular phenomena in the planting management process have undoubtedly reduced the competitiveness level of the traditional Chinese herbal medicine industry in Shiyan City. The construction of traditional Chinese herbal medicine industry brand is definitely conducive to the integration of traditional Chinese medicine industry resources and the formation of overall competitive strength. Takes the construction of "Wudang Medicine Valley" as an opportunity, Shiyan City can build up 1-2 traditional Chinese herbal medicine brands based on the fame of Wudang Mountain and Shennongjia culture with the help of the abundant tourism resources, such as "Wudang Chinese Medicine" and "Shennong Chinese Medicine", which can integrate the existing resources, form a synergy of resources in the industry; expand the scale of enterprises and achieve scale operation; enhance the competitiveness of individual enterprises, standardize their market behaviors, and ensure product quality, thereby enhancing industrial competitiveness as a whole. Through the establishment of brand, it can establish a good reputation for reliable consumer quality. Driven by these largescale enterprises with wellknown brands, it then can carry out mergers and acquisitions of small enterprises, or become a large processing enterprise through cooperation, to join in the value chain of brand enterprises, and finally form an industrial value chain led by a few large enterprises, which strengthens the construction of industryuniversityresearch alliances, encourages pharmaceutical companies to build their own enterprise technology centers with R&D institutions, thereby engaging in the construction of key laboratories and engineering research centers. It should give priority to supporting research and development projects that are led by enterprises and jointly reported by industry, university and research institutes. And it should also support enterprises to establish industryuniversityresearch alliances with universities such as Wuhan University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Fuyang Medical College to build a technical service platform and investment incubation base for R&D and innovation of enterprises. Scientific planning, indepth development, scale management, joint development and talents training
The rich and unique traditional Chinese herbal medicine resources of Shiyan should be made full use of by vigorously developing the Chinese herbal medicine industry and building the service bioindustry park, which is of great significance to make Shiyan into the core section of Qinba Medicine hometown, famous Wudang Medicine Valley, a top national biomedical city, and a worlds health and wellbeing blessing.
Highlighting local authentic varieties and scientific planning The content of berberine in C. chinensis produced in Zhuxi is as high as 7.8%, which is nearly 2% higher than that of general varieties. The content of tannic acid in R. chinensis produced in Zhushan is 5% higher than that of common varieties. The active ingredients of the medicinal materials G. pentaphyllum, S. sinensis, C. pilosula, S. miltiorrhiza, A. lancea from high altitude mountainous areas in Shisan County, and the authentic medicines of Blackberrylily rhizome, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Lilium brownii, Carthamus tinctorius and P. grandiflorum produced in the low mountain plain area o Beisan County are also significantly higher than those in other producing areas in China. Therefore, it is necessary to select the appropriate planting variety according to the natural conditions of the region and the distribution of the authentic medicinal materials.
Focusing on superior resources and indepth development As is often the case, developing a small variety can make a big industry. B. sinenses is a unique variety for Fangxian County, which has been confirmed by experts to be significantly different from the traditional B. chinense. It has passed the national Chinese herbal medicine GAP certification. The B. striata planting base constructed in Shennongjia of Hubei also successfully passed inspection from the Chinese Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, which is expected to become the next GAP certification base. In addition, the valuable Chinese herbal medicines such as P. polyphylla, T. tschonoskii are unique to Shiyan. Moreover, wild P. lobata, wild F. suspensa, wild P. multiflorum, as well as L. brownii, P. sibiricum, P. grandiflorus, which can be used as both food and medicines, can be easily found all over Shiyan, but the intensive processing of these Chinese herbal medicines is far from enough. To this end, we must adhere to the drugbased route of deep processing and highend development to extend the industrial chain and enhance market competitiveness. Innovating mechanism system and scale operation First, while increasing investment promotion efforts, we shall guide enterprises and farmers to establish a closer interestcoupling mechanism, vigorously develop orderbased farming, and ensure farmers to plant with confidence. Second, we should vigorously promote land transfer, encourage support for various capitals and returning entrepreneurs to contract mountain farms, build traditional Chinese herbal medicine bases, and promote scale operations. The third is to improve the incentive mechanism. Awards should be given to enterprises, owners, professional cooperatives, scientific research institutions and agricultural technicians who have established more than 33 hm2 of new large scale bases, established GAP standardization bases, promoted key technology test demonstration and carried out brand certification.
Setting up information sharing platform for joint development At present, there are more than 1 600 production enterprises, professional cooperatives, largescale planters engaged in traditional Chinese medicinal materials, most of which are under decentralized operation, lackingnecessary information exchange and communication. In this way, it is impossible for then to form a joint force, and the ability to withstand risks is weak. Therefore, it is necessary to use the modern information network system to attract local largescale planters or professional cooperatives to participate in the stock cooperation, hold coordination meetings on traditional Chinese medicinal materials on a regular or irregular basis, and construct the information sharing platform for traditional Chinese medicinal materials to guide production, promote brand and carry out straightthrough sales with enterprises as the main operation body, thereby accelerating the improvement of the industrial chain of production, research and development and sales of traditional Chinese medicinal materials.
Strengthening scientific research and technical training First, strengthen scientific research and accelerate the development and application of advanced technologies. It is suggested that the Municipal Academy of Agricultural Sciences take the lead in organizing the citys agricultural scientific research personnel to carry out technical research on the cultivation of traditional Chinese herbal medicines, the breeding of new varieties, the regional trials, and the establishment of GAP planting standards. The second is to give full play to the role of local experts. It should select a group of scientific and technological talents who understand science and technology and management from government agencies, functional departments and institutions, who need to work in production bases and leading enterprises, so as to provide scientific and technological services. Agriculture, medicine, science and technology and other departments must carry out training on the cultivation and processing of traditional Chinese medicines in a planned manner, so as to cultivate professional and technical talents in rural areas. The third is to strengthen the cooperation between institutions and locals, as well as between institutions and enterprises, and pace up the cultivation and reserve of talents in traditional Chinese medicinal materials though various channels such as targeted enrollment and entrusted training, so as to cultivate a group of professionals who can use, retain and engage in traditional Chinese medicinal materials, thereby enhancing technological innovation and application capabilities of enterprises.
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Key words Shiyan City; Problems and Countermeasures; traditional Chinese medicinal materials; Planting industry
Received: October 5, 2019Accepted: November 3, 2019
Jun ZHOU (1975-), male, P. R. China, senior agronomist, devoted to research about crop cultivation and promotion and new variety breeding.
*Corresponding author. Email: 13986911457@163.com.
Located in the northwestern of Hubei Province (110°47′E, 32°39′N), Shiyan City belongs to the broadbased Qinling Bashan with subtropical monsoon climate. In the city, Cangshan runs up and down like the sea, high into the clouds with magnificent views; the Han River runs from the west to the east through the whole city into the border Hebei Province. It has Wuhuan Mountains in the east, sharing borders with Xiangyang; Shenongjia in the south, sharing borders with forest areas; Bashan Ranges in the west, sharing borders with Shaanxi and Chongqing; Qinling Mountains in the north. The whole areas is characterized for its humid climate, abundant rainfall, four distinct seasons, sufficient sunshine and long frostfree period. Known as the "storehouse for natural herbal medicines", Shennongjia and Wudang Mountains are the birthplaces of traditional Chinese medicine, where there are many kinds of traditional Chinese herbal medicines. According to research, 7% of the traditional herbs listed in the "Compendium of Materia Medica" were collected here, and most of the Chinese herbal medicines are wild, mainly including Gastrodia elata, Angelica sinensis, Coptis chinensis, Radix angelicae pubescentis, Cydonia lagenaria Lois, R. bupleuri, Atractylodes lancea, Plantago depressa Willd., Nepeta cataria L., Leonurus sibiricus L., Adenophora stricta. The medicinal herbs produced in Shiyan City are quite popular in the markets in the "Four Major Medicinal Herb Producing Places", such as N. cataria L.，Dioscorea zingiberensis, R. bupleuri, A. lancea, Forsythia suspensa, Lonicera japonica, C. chinensis,Isatis tinctoria, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Codonopsis pilosula, Platycodon grandiflorum, Schisandra chinensis. The unique geographical location and ecological environment of Shiyan City are very conducive to the proliferation of animal and plant medicines, making it have special advantages in developing traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry［1］. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry of Shiyan City, which has become a "dark horse" industry in the adjustment of the agricultural industry structure in Shiyan Mountainous areas under the intensive promotion from the municipal committee and government of Shiyan City. The Hubei Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government have successively issued documents to support the development of authentic Chinese herbal medicines in the mountainous areas of northwestern Hubei Province, hoping to build them into influential highquality medicinal materials production bases throughout China. The Hubei Provincial Department of Agriculture has identified Qinba Mountain Area as the key area for the development of Chinese herbal medicine industry, in favor of constructing a regional largescale traditional Chinese herbal medicines base in WudangMountain area. The Shiyan Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government clearly put forward the grand idea of building the "Wudang Medicine Valley of China", and for this purpose, have listed Chinese herbal medicines as one of the projects for the construction of "four million" characteristic industries, hoping to build a 20 000 hm2 traditional Chinese herbal medicines planting base and form a modern traditional Chinese medicine industry with the output value reaching up to billions of Yuan within 3 to 5 years with key support and vigorous promotion from many aspect. The counties and cities throughout Shiyan have responded and cooperated actively by listing the Chinese herbal medicines as the key industry,enhancing the construction and striving for breakthroughs.
The current traditional Chinese herbal medicine industry is mainly concentrated on the cultivation of Chinese herbal medicines. Relying on resource advantages, Shiyan City vigorously make efforts to promote the cultivation of Chinese herbal medicines. In the process of planting traditional Chinese herbal medicines, Shiyan City adheres to the principle of attaching equal importance to building a herbs source base for both local and outside pharmaceutical enterprises, actively implements the operation mode of "company + base + farmers", and carries out ordersbased planting and contract acquisition in market orientation with promoting standardized planting as the key, which fully activate the enthusiasm of the majority of farmers. At present, the city has a herbal medicines planting area about 10 000 hm2 cultivated species like A. sinensis, R. bupleuri, A. lancea, P. depressa Willd., N. cataria L., Eucommia ulmoides, Rhus chinensis, R. paeoniae alba, C. lagenaria Lois, Cape jasmine. The utilization value of traditional Chinese herbal medicines has been continuously explored, for which each county (city) has enhanced the research. However, it is hard to have smooth development for any industry, which is also the case with the development of traditional Chinese herbal medicine industry. There are still a variety of problems faced with the traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry in the mountainous areas in Shiyan City. Problems in Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Planting Industry in Shiyan City
Lack of enterprise competitiveness
After years of construction, although the traditional Chinese herbal medicine enterprises in Shiyan City have made great progress, the overall industrial level is still very low. This is mainly because the pharmaceutical enterprises in Shiyan City have not formed an industrial chain and economic scale, and the lack the economic appealing to pull the regional pharmaceutical economy, making it unable for the enterprises in Shiyan to compete with the firstclass pharmaceutical companies in the province and the whole country.
Imperfect standard specifications
At present, there is still no quality standards and quality control systems that are in line with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine and recognized by the international community in Shiyan. Moreover, the quality standards of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces, traditional Chinese herbal extracts are still far from perfect, so the standards are far from reflecting the quality of traditional Chinese medicinal products, far from meeting the demand of the market.
Low combination of medical research and practical production needs
At present, the Chinese herbal medicine industry in Shiyan City is still in serious lack ofresearch due to the factors like the scale of the enterprise, the enterprises still have no main body for research and input, the produced products are low in quality but high in repetition rates, and there is a serious disconnect between technological innovation and industrialization. Shiyan City takes the lead in Hubei Province in scientific research project approvals and scientific research achievements every year, and ranks among the tops in the overall R&D strength of medicine, but the scientific research strength has not been transformed into productivity.
Production blindness
Traditional Chinese medicinal materials are special commodities, and their production and development depend on the needs of the market, so their production is highly constrained by market conditions. As Shiyan City has not been able to form a topdown, inline outreaching Chinese herbal medicine industry development information system, it is difficult for the majority of herbs growers to obtain accurate and reliable market information and technical information in time, which has made it impossible for the herbs growers to adjust the variety structure in time, thereby increasing the blindness of production. The turmeric industry in Shiyan City is a typical example. In the 1910s, driven by the interests, the turmeric planting area was blindly expanded, so that the supply of saponin exceeded demand, the price of saponin fell, and the efficiency of planting ginger showed a negative growth, bringing great economic losses to the herbs growers. Difficulty in long lasting traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry
Governments lack of clear understanding and longterm planning for development of the industry Compared with planting crops and planting tea crops, planting Chinese herbal medicines is the same as planting, but the cultivation of Chinese herbal medicines has its particularity. Traditional Chinese medicinal products are greatly different from the crops and tea products in products function, rules of supply and demand, and market price. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine is not a daily necessities for people like three meals of a day, nor is it a hobby that people often drink, the demand for each medicinal material is related with the change of human diseases, the outbreak of epidemic diseases, and the severity of outbreaks. Thus, the demand varies greatly. The cultivation and production of traditional Chinese herbal medicines have a relatively long cycle and need to grow for 2-3 years or even longer.
Great fluctuations of the market price and production, making it difficult to control the price Demand changes rapidly, but supply cannot be adjusted and changed quickly. It is difficult to keep up with the rhythm of demand, which has caused the frequent and wide fluctuations ofmarket prices of traditional Chinese herbal medicines, which go far exceed crops and tea crops. When the demand for a certain medicinal material suddenly increases sharply, but the reserve is insufficient and the market is very scarce, the price will rise rapidly, and the price may increase several times or even tens of times; but when the demand for a certain medicinal material is reduced, if the market is oversupply, the price will plummet again. "A thing is valued if it is rare", which truly reflects the difference in the price of traditional Chinese herbal medicines. The difficulties in predicting market, controlling market price, and the weak relationship between market prices and production cost make it even more difficult for the sustainable and stable development of traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry in actual practice. Moreover, the government often attaches great importance to the traditional Chinese herbal medicine industry when the grain and oil production is relatively surplus while the Chinese herbal medicine market is promising, but totally ignores it when the Chinese herbal medicines are falling on the market. This kind of guiding ideology that follows the market and has subjectively made it difficult to achieve the sustainable development of traditional Chinese herbal industry. Strict requirement on planting environment Most traditional Chinese herbal medicines require strict environmental conditions. If the environment is not suitable, sometimes it is difficult for the plants to grow normally, and sometimes although the plants can grow, the product quality cannot meet the requirement as "medicinal materials". Moreover, most of the traditional Chinese medicinal medicines are cultivated using rhizome breeding, which is characterized for large seed amount per area, low breeding rate and high seeding rate, all of which determine that the development of the traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry can only adhere to trial and demonstration, planting according to local conditions, and steadily advance, but cannot rush to seek success and engage in "leapforward" development.
Lack of scientific and rational input management mechanism The production cost of traditional Chinese herbal medicines is relatively high. Many farmers want to develop traditional Chinese herbal medicines. However, due to lack of funds and lack of technology, they have to be trapped in smallscale, fastgrowing food cultivation. In order to solve the problems of shortage of funds and poor management of traditional Chinese herbal medicines, some counties have made some bold attempts in land "antirental and reversed" in previous years. The specific operation mode is as follows: select projects using investment methods with capital and management advantages, and concentrate on largescale continuous planting in rental land in the rural areas. After the land is rented, the farmer is no longer responsible for production investment, but he can still invests his labor in his land to earn labor remuneration. In this way, the capital and investment advantages from the party investing capitals are actively combined with the land and labor advantages of the party investing land, in which the capital investors can put the project into practice, and the labor investors can take responsibilities but not risks. In theory, it should be mutually beneficial and multifaceted. However, in fact, due to the uneven quality of rural farmers and the lack of legal awareness, coupled with the scattered distribution of cultivated land as well as the long farming time, it is difficult for the capital investors to conduct timely and effective management and control. A mistake in agricultural production may result in a full failure, which is difficult for remediation. Practice has proved that this mode of operation is not feasible in mountainous areas. Further research remains to be carried out to explore the input management mechanism in the mountainous area, which can effectively restrain the behaviors and responsibilities of both parties, so as to ensure the smooth implementation of the project, thereby obtaining the maximum benefit and realizing the common wins of both parties. Imperfect management institutions There is a serious shortage of highquality seeds, insufficient development of valuable medicinal materials, and the management of Chinese herbal medicine industry is not perfect. At present, only some counties and cities have set up special traditional Chinese herbal medicine industry management institutions. Most of the work related to the promotion of traditional Chinese herbal medicine planting technology, planting regional planning, and the development of Chinese herbal medicine industry is carried out by parttime personnel. The input support is insufficient. Among the agricultural science and technology personnel through the city, there are many specialties in grain and oil cultivation, and there are very few specialists in cultivating traditional Chinese herbal medicines, and there are quite few planting technicians and processing talents for traditional Chinese herbal medicines. In addition, there is high risk in planting Chinese herbal medicines, limited funds funds for special cultivation of medicinal materials, a lack of neutralizing channels.
There is a serious shortage of quality seeds (seedlings). All counties (cities, districts) have not systematically carried out the breeding, purification and production demonstration of traditional Chinese medicinal materials. The research on improved breeding techniques is basically a blank. The medicinal seeds are only an appendage for the production of medicinal materials, and there is no technical regulation or specialized base for the breeding of traditional Chinese medicinal materials.
The development of valuable traditional Chinese herbal medicines is not enough. The development and utilization of precious Chinese herbal medicines such Ganoderma lucidum, Paris polyphylla, Trillium tschonoskii are less than 10%, presenting the fact that hundreds of precious traditional Chinese herbal medicines are lying in the mountains without peoples awareness.
Agricultural Biotechnology2019
Problems in the Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials (Planting Base Construction)
Scattered planting, poor scale efficiency, low standardized production
Due to the limited strength of the herb planting growers, the planting of traditional Chinese medicinal materials is scattered, and there is few planting in continuous scale. The degree of intensification is low, just like the white peony root planting in Fangxian county. The households that plant white peony root are like peanut, which is difficult to standardize. In addition, the medicinal materials planting area is mostly in the mountainous areas, where the lagged information and transportation makes it difficult to scale up the planting. It is like Fangxian county, once the county producing special herbal varieties like C. chinensis, C. pilosula, G. elata, R. bletillae, B. sinenses, G. pentaphyllum, but the small planting scale and low wholesale supply capacity make it is difficult for the county to stand out in the market. Emphasis on production but no emphasis on technology and management, resulting in poor quality
Quite a lot of bases attach importance to the producing quantity but ignore the quality,together with the abuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, leading to the decline in the quality of traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Moreover, the lack of technical guidance and tracking services make it unable to carry out monitoring forecasting and field management during the normal growth of traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Taking the Bupleurum sinenses base for example, due to the ignorance of base management, various kinds of pests and diseases have appeared, and even the subsidies given by the government on the planting base have been used to grow vegetables.
Unclear understanding of the special characteristics of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, and lacking in clear industrial layout
There are certain differences between traditional Chinese medicinal materials cultivation and grain and oil production. The cultivation of traditional Chinese medicinal materials have stricter requirements on natural conditions like climate, soil, sunlight, humidity and cultivation techniques. If the plants grow in unfavorable conditions or the planting is not carried out properly, either there is no economic output, or the quality of the output cannot meet the requirement, namely, the economic benefits are too low to have any production value. Therefore, the development of traditional Chinese medicinal materials must have scientific and reasonable production layout based on indepth investigation and research, select the optimal region and variety according to the local conditions and the adaptability of the herb variety itself, and adopt the proper cultivation techniques. However, for some counties, the development of traditional Chinese medicinal materials either only pays attention to the economic benefits but ignores the practical reality, attaches importance to the development scale and speed but not sticks to trial and demonstration, plants what is popular but ignore the actual needs, resulting in some facts that the herbal plants are planted in some areas which are not suitable, and improper some species and varieties are introduced. In some areas, the lack of planting experience and improper management have resulted in unsatisfactory benefits. Focusing only on production without understanding the market conditions and information, some bases blindly carry out repeated construction. For example, there are a large number of people planting Bletilla striata when the price is high. Some only focus on developing the production but carry out no indepth market investigation and prospect analysis, so planting varieties are single and the price is low and unsalable. For example, Gynostemma pentaphyllum in Fangxian county has high yield but low harvest. Some farmers even spend a large amount of money introducing medicinal herbs from other places after seeing some false advertisements, often resulting in heavy loss. Low organizational degree of medicinal herb growers, and lack of leading enterprises
Quite different from the common agricultural production, the development of traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry need to carry out the production in deep mountains where the transportation and information are blocked, but the sales must be managed by large enterprises and large marketing companies. For years, the production of traditional Chinese herbal medicines in Shiyan City has been independently operated by herb growers but lacks the support of professional cooperative organizations. Due to the lack of large enterprises, the cultivation of traditional Chinese medicinal materials is scattered in Shiyan City, with low standardization and scale production degree, as well as unstable yield and quality. In the meantime, the traditional Chinese herbal medicine raw materials have high dependence on outside production. The medicinal materials processing enterprises and the top three hospitals in the city use a large number of raw materials for Chinese herbal medicines from outside the city. There is no supporting industrial chain among traditional Chinese herbal medicines, traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces and Chinese patent medicines production, and thus the rich traditional Chinese herbal medicine resources have not got sufficient exploration and utilization. Due to the lack of information, the herb growers cannot accurately analyze and grasp the market, and cannot keep up with the pace of market demand. Blind planting leads to low benefits, which seriously restricts the healthy development of the traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry.
Lagged technology and research, simple and extensive planting and processing
With the changes and development of the social situation, the original medicinal materials production experience and technology has become increasingly unsuitable for market demand. Especially in recent years, China has advocated the establishment of a standardized GAP (Good Agriculture Practice) production base for traditional Chinese herbal medicines, in order to let products enter the market. However, most counties have studied more in conventional agriculture over the years, but there are few studies on the cultivation and processing of traditional Chinese medicine. Therefore, most of the traditional Chinese medicine production follows traditional techniques and experience, simple and extensive. Particularly the processing and storage of Chinese herbal medicines, the simple technical facilities make it unable to produce good products with the good medicinal materials, and therefore, the products cannot sell for a good price. At the same time, most of the species and varieties have not yet established GAP standards, or not planted according to standards, which also pose huge hidden dangers for future product sales. In addition, in some newlydevelopment areas of Chinese herbal medicine, the rapid development of technology, weak technical strength, insufficient planting experience, and some copying experience in the field, have led to major errors in production. Some Chinese herbal medicines have problems such as grass shortage and disease after planting, which cannot be solved in a timely and effective manner, thereby leading to losses to production. Small industry scale and lack of scale advantages
In addition to a small number of medicinal materials such as L. japonica, P. grandiflorum, R. isatidis and some woody medicinal materials, which have wide adaptability and can be planted in large scale, most of the medicinal materials can only be planted in some areas which mainly concentrate in Zhushan, Fangxian and Zhuxi. However, these areas are sparsely populated with limited cultivated land, making it difficult to carry out mechnized operations. Therefore, the yearly medicinal planting area is only about 7 000 hm2. Moreover, in recent years, the focus of government support and development in the region has turned into fluecured tobacco planting, which takes up the room and labor force for planting medicinal materials. The small planting area together with the difficulty in planting directly leads to the decrease in herb planting farmers and the planting area of medicinal materials. Take the Sifangpa medicinal materials market in Zhushan county for example. In the end of the 20th century, there were more than 100 in the marketsand the planting area was above 70 hm2, but there is only 1 grower now, which has changed to plant fluecured tobacco. Second, most of the younger generation go to work in other cities, and there are now few people planting medicinal materials. At present, most of the young people in mountainous areas have chosen to go out to work except for a small number of leftbehind in rural areas. In the main producing areas of traditional Chinese herbal medicines, the relatively poor living environment and the hard working conditions worsen the outflow of young people. The older generation is getting older and is gradually withdrawing from the medicine planting industry. On the other hand, few young people are willing to learn the herb planting technology and stay in the mountains. The shortage of herb growers also bring practical difficulties to the development of traditional Chinese medicinal materials in mountainous areas. Third, the relative benefits of herb planting decrease, which directly leads to the diversion of some herb growers. Compared with growing grain, the management requirements of planting medicinal materials are more elaborate and complicated, and more labor is required. In the past, the labor resources in the mountainous areas were abundant, and the herb planting labor force was relatively easy to find and low in price,. Therefore, the cost of the drug was relatively low, and the benefit was significantly higher than that of grain planting. However, in recent years, the young and middleaged laborers in the mountainous areas have gone out a lot, so it is difficult to plant medicinal materials, and the wages have risen very quickly (at present, the labor cost in the rural area has reached 80 yuan per day), which lead to the increase in the difficulty of growing medicinal materials and costs and the decline in benefits. At the same time, planting herbs costs much labor and time, requires high labor intensity. Although it has higher benefits than planting grains, it has no significant advantage over other industries like engaging in working outside and business operating, and it is even not as stable as working outside and business operating, so some herb growers give up planting herbs and changes to other industries. As a result, the planting area of traditional Chinese herbal medicines has shrunk and the industry has shown a landslide trend. The industry has small planting scale and external influence, making it difficult to form a scale advantage. Development Direction and Suggestion for Traditional Chinese medicinal materials planting mode
The "Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Protection and Development Plan (2015-2020)" put forwards the development goal of "developing traditional Chinese medicinal material planting with the support of scientific and technological support, striving to achieve high quality and safety productions, adequate supply, stable prices of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, and promoting the sustainable and healthy development of traditional Chinese medicine industry", indicating that only the innovation of traditional Chinese herbal medicine planting mode can continuously improve the quality of the medicinal materials.
Large scale planting
The disadvantages of householdbased planting are becoming more and more obvious. The planting is difficult to mechanize, the management is difficult to rationalize, the initial processing is difficult to correct, the storage is difficult to rationalize, as well as the rural population is decreasing, the planting area is aging, and the labor cost is rising. It is bound to become a trend for cooperatives, large planters and companies to contract land for largescale planting. The scale planting can solve the problems of technology, management, storage and sales of householdbased planting, promote the construction of traceability system for the quality of traditional Chinese herbal medicines, and provide stable and safe supply of traditional Chinese herbal medicines.
Standardized planting
The standardization of planting is to promote the development of large professional households, family farms and cooperatives, realize the transformation of traditional Chinese herbal medicines from decentralized production to organized production, achieve largescale planting, boost the popularization of standardized planting techniques, strengthen the basic research on the correlation of growth and development characteristics, efficacy and growth environment of traditional Chinese herbal medicines relying on science and technology, select excellent breeding varieties, developing green control technologies for pests and diseases, develop techniques like precise operation, ecological planting, mechanized production and modern processing of traditional Chinese herbal medicines, build standardized GAP planting bases, and improve the modern production level of traditional Chinese herbal medicines.
Marketoriented planting Traditional Chinese medicinal materials product circulation enterprises can work jointly with the traditional Chinese medicinal materials production enterprises to implement the strategy of joint construction and sharing bases, and adapt to local conditions to jointly build a large scale traditional Chinese herbal medicine production base across regions, such as the cooperation between Enshi R. scrophulariae and Duhuo Base. At the same time, traditional Chinese herbal medicine production enterprises begins to develop industrial integrated production and management, and gradually becomes the mainstay of market supply, achieving integration of production, sales and marketing.
Regionalized and purified planting
Traditional Chinese medicinal materials have specific requirements for the growing environment and have obvious regional characteristics. The production areas should give priority to supporting the special varieties, taking into account the effect varieties. For example, the suitable planting area for C. chinensis is the the high mountainous areas, while Shangkan vilalge of Fangxian county is suitable for the planting of Codonopsis pilosula, and C. lagenaria is the most authentic in Yunyang.
Strengthening research on standards and the construction of GAP planting base
Wudang Mountains and Shennongjia area in Shiyan City are rich in biological resources, especially traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Attention should be paid to the study on the technical standards GAP for traditional Chinese medicinal materials cultivation, and the quality standards for traditional Chinese herbal medicines and decoction pieces. Emphasis should be laid on the authentic herbal medicines which have carried out GAP research, and have established GAP base with enterprise participation, and can find feasible quality control indexes, such as C. chinensis, C. pilosula, G. elata, R. bletillae, B. sinenses, G. pentaphyllum. It also should strengthen the construction of supporting conditions for research and development of traditional Chinese herbal medicines, integrate scientific research strength, and undertake the tasks of new medicine development, traditional Chinese medicine pharmacology, traditional Chinese medicine pharmacodynamic substance basic research, and clinical medicine research. Modernized engineering centers for traditional Chinese medicine should be established to undertake the task of developing, integrating and promoting key technologies for the modernization of traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Building up industrial brand of Shiyan
With the development of the market economy and daily increase of peoples consumption, consumers recognition of products depends more on the "brand". Most of the traditional Chinese herbal medicine enterprises in Shiyan City have small scale and low overall productivity, and the unscientific and irregular phenomena in the planting management process have undoubtedly reduced the competitiveness level of the traditional Chinese herbal medicine industry in Shiyan City. The construction of traditional Chinese herbal medicine industry brand is definitely conducive to the integration of traditional Chinese medicine industry resources and the formation of overall competitive strength. Takes the construction of "Wudang Medicine Valley" as an opportunity, Shiyan City can build up 1-2 traditional Chinese herbal medicine brands based on the fame of Wudang Mountain and Shennongjia culture with the help of the abundant tourism resources, such as "Wudang Chinese Medicine" and "Shennong Chinese Medicine", which can integrate the existing resources, form a synergy of resources in the industry; expand the scale of enterprises and achieve scale operation; enhance the competitiveness of individual enterprises, standardize their market behaviors, and ensure product quality, thereby enhancing industrial competitiveness as a whole. Through the establishment of brand, it can establish a good reputation for reliable consumer quality. Driven by these largescale enterprises with wellknown brands, it then can carry out mergers and acquisitions of small enterprises, or become a large processing enterprise through cooperation, to join in the value chain of brand enterprises, and finally form an industrial value chain led by a few large enterprises, which strengthens the construction of industryuniversityresearch alliances, encourages pharmaceutical companies to build their own enterprise technology centers with R&D institutions, thereby engaging in the construction of key laboratories and engineering research centers. It should give priority to supporting research and development projects that are led by enterprises and jointly reported by industry, university and research institutes. And it should also support enterprises to establish industryuniversityresearch alliances with universities such as Wuhan University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Fuyang Medical College to build a technical service platform and investment incubation base for R&D and innovation of enterprises. Scientific planning, indepth development, scale management, joint development and talents training
The rich and unique traditional Chinese herbal medicine resources of Shiyan should be made full use of by vigorously developing the Chinese herbal medicine industry and building the service bioindustry park, which is of great significance to make Shiyan into the core section of Qinba Medicine hometown, famous Wudang Medicine Valley, a top national biomedical city, and a worlds health and wellbeing blessing.
Highlighting local authentic varieties and scientific planning The content of berberine in C. chinensis produced in Zhuxi is as high as 7.8%, which is nearly 2% higher than that of general varieties. The content of tannic acid in R. chinensis produced in Zhushan is 5% higher than that of common varieties. The active ingredients of the medicinal materials G. pentaphyllum, S. sinensis, C. pilosula, S. miltiorrhiza, A. lancea from high altitude mountainous areas in Shisan County, and the authentic medicines of Blackberrylily rhizome, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Lilium brownii, Carthamus tinctorius and P. grandiflorum produced in the low mountain plain area o Beisan County are also significantly higher than those in other producing areas in China. Therefore, it is necessary to select the appropriate planting variety according to the natural conditions of the region and the distribution of the authentic medicinal materials.
Focusing on superior resources and indepth development As is often the case, developing a small variety can make a big industry. B. sinenses is a unique variety for Fangxian County, which has been confirmed by experts to be significantly different from the traditional B. chinense. It has passed the national Chinese herbal medicine GAP certification. The B. striata planting base constructed in Shennongjia of Hubei also successfully passed inspection from the Chinese Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, which is expected to become the next GAP certification base. In addition, the valuable Chinese herbal medicines such as P. polyphylla, T. tschonoskii are unique to Shiyan. Moreover, wild P. lobata, wild F. suspensa, wild P. multiflorum, as well as L. brownii, P. sibiricum, P. grandiflorus, which can be used as both food and medicines, can be easily found all over Shiyan, but the intensive processing of these Chinese herbal medicines is far from enough. To this end, we must adhere to the drugbased route of deep processing and highend development to extend the industrial chain and enhance market competitiveness. Innovating mechanism system and scale operation First, while increasing investment promotion efforts, we shall guide enterprises and farmers to establish a closer interestcoupling mechanism, vigorously develop orderbased farming, and ensure farmers to plant with confidence. Second, we should vigorously promote land transfer, encourage support for various capitals and returning entrepreneurs to contract mountain farms, build traditional Chinese herbal medicine bases, and promote scale operations. The third is to improve the incentive mechanism. Awards should be given to enterprises, owners, professional cooperatives, scientific research institutions and agricultural technicians who have established more than 33 hm2 of new large scale bases, established GAP standardization bases, promoted key technology test demonstration and carried out brand certification.
Setting up information sharing platform for joint development At present, there are more than 1 600 production enterprises, professional cooperatives, largescale planters engaged in traditional Chinese medicinal materials, most of which are under decentralized operation, lackingnecessary information exchange and communication. In this way, it is impossible for then to form a joint force, and the ability to withstand risks is weak. Therefore, it is necessary to use the modern information network system to attract local largescale planters or professional cooperatives to participate in the stock cooperation, hold coordination meetings on traditional Chinese medicinal materials on a regular or irregular basis, and construct the information sharing platform for traditional Chinese medicinal materials to guide production, promote brand and carry out straightthrough sales with enterprises as the main operation body, thereby accelerating the improvement of the industrial chain of production, research and development and sales of traditional Chinese medicinal materials.
Strengthening scientific research and technical training First, strengthen scientific research and accelerate the development and application of advanced technologies. It is suggested that the Municipal Academy of Agricultural Sciences take the lead in organizing the citys agricultural scientific research personnel to carry out technical research on the cultivation of traditional Chinese herbal medicines, the breeding of new varieties, the regional trials, and the establishment of GAP planting standards. The second is to give full play to the role of local experts. It should select a group of scientific and technological talents who understand science and technology and management from government agencies, functional departments and institutions, who need to work in production bases and leading enterprises, so as to provide scientific and technological services. Agriculture, medicine, science and technology and other departments must carry out training on the cultivation and processing of traditional Chinese medicines in a planned manner, so as to cultivate professional and technical talents in rural areas. The third is to strengthen the cooperation between institutions and locals, as well as between institutions and enterprises, and pace up the cultivation and reserve of talents in traditional Chinese medicinal materials though various channels such as targeted enrollment and entrusted training, so as to cultivate a group of professionals who can use, retain and engage in traditional Chinese medicinal materials, thereby enhancing technological innovation and application capabilities of enterprises.
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