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1982年《联合国海洋法公约》有关专属经济区的规定,为沿海国和其他国家在该区域内行使权利、自由和义务设计了某种精致的平衡。其中,《公约》要求沿海国和其他国家在行使权利和履行义务时应“适当顾及”另一方的权利和义务。这种“适当顾及”义务本质上是一种“诚信”义务,要求《公约》的缔约国应当诚信履行义务,不得恶意行使权利,或者规避法律义务。《公约》中的专属经济区制度主要是长期谈判和妥协的结果,内容上还存在着大量的模糊和空白之处,它并非对习惯国际法的编纂,而属于国际法的逐渐发展。深入理解“适当顾及”义务,从缔约国行使权利或者履行义务的行为是否属于滥用权利或者违背诚信的角度加以分析,可以在一定意义上弥补《公约》规定的不足,作为《公约》实施的辅助标准,为缔约国的行为提供指引。
The provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea relating to exclusive economic zones have devised some delicate balance between the exercise of the rights, freedoms and obligations of coastal and other countries in the region. Among them, the Convention requires that coastal States and other countries exercise their rights and perform their obligations “with due regard to the rights and obligations of the other party.” Such a “due care” obligation is essentially an obligation of “good faith” and requires that all parties to the “Convention” should faithfully perform their obligations and should not maliciously exercise their rights or evade legal obligations. The system of exclusive economic zones in the Convention is mainly the result of long-term negotiation and compromise. There are still many ambiguities and gaps in its content. It is not a compilation of customary international law but a progressive development of international law. In-depth understanding of “due diligence ” obligations, from the State party to exercise rights or perform obligations is an abuse of rights or contrary to honesty point of view to analyze, in a sense, to make up for the deficiencies of the Convention, as the “Convention” Auxiliary standards to guide the conduct of States parties.