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We determined genetic variation and metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in Leptodon smithii moss collected in holm oak stands at cities,outskirts and remote areas of Campania and Tuscany (Italy) to investigate if anthropogenic pressure (pollutant emissions and land use change) affects moss genetic richness.In both regions,metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations reflected the trend urban ＞ outskirts ＞ remote areas,excepting Tuscany remote site.In both regions,the moss gene diversity increased from urban to remote areas.The findings suggest the extent and the fragmentation of urban green areas,as drivers of moss genetic richness.