一、问题的提出改革开放20多年来,我国通过“市场换技术”、“资源换技术”的方式,缩小了与国外先进技术的差距。然而,自主创新能力薄弱、核心技术匮乏,仍是制约我国经济发展的瓶颈。如,我国100%的光纤制造装备、80%以上的集成电路芯片制造装备和石油化工装备、90%的汽车制造技 I. Issues raised During the past 20 years of reform and opening up, China has narrowed the gap with foreign advanced technologies through “market-for-technology” and “resource-for-technology” approaches. However, the weak ability of independent innovation and the lack of core technology are still the bottlenecks that restrict China’s economic development. For example, China’s 100% optical fiber manufacturing equipment, more than 80% of integrated circuit chip manufacturing equipment and petrochemical equipment, 90% of automotive manufacturing technology