台湾岛为华夏陆块东缘自中生代晚期以来的年轻活动造山带,在东海-南海陆架地质背景上,台湾岛具有多重特殊性:除缺失始新世晚期层序外,始新世-更新世间有连续陆相至浅海相层序出露;记录“中国海”的发展及东海-南海陆架沧海桑田变迁;快速的隆升速率及重要的海洋沉积物贡献源;活跃的地震活动;既有被动又有活动大陆边缘层序;从台湾-吕宋间海域到岛上同时进行俯冲-碰撞-仰冲-张裂构造活动,因此有完整的威尔逊构造旋回地质纪录.“台湾岛什么时候出露?”及“台湾岛怎么形成?”是大家关心台湾岛地质的基本问题.如果把东海陆架一半水深(60m)的海水拿掉,150km宽的台湾海峡就是台湾岛跟大陆相连的脐带;如果把台湾岛恢复到未造山前的原始形貌,台湾岛就是东海连结到南海间的脐带.但是为什么在东海及南海的陆架上只有台湾岛有比较大范围的出露?显然是有一个特定的地质作用在这个特殊的脐带位置发生,那就是早中新世19~18Ma开始的南海俯冲及随后6.5Ma开始的北吕宋火山岛弧与俯冲的欧亚大陆发生了斜向碰撞.台湾岛在晚中新世(~6.5Ma)时开始出露,最早出露部位就在中央山脉.中央山脉为中生代白垩纪的活动大陆边缘,随后拼合为欧亚大陆一部分,经新生代古近纪断陷构造(50~39Ma)、渐新世-中期中新世南海张裂(33~16Ma)、早中新世(19~18Ma)至今欧亚大陆-南海岩石圈沿马尼拉海沟向东俯冲于西进的花东海盆-菲律宾海板块之下,形成中新世增生楔,及6.5Ma至今由北向南迁移的斜向弧陆碰撞,导致中央山脉隆升出露海平面之上,形成原始台湾岛.由此原始台湾岛,台湾河流系统开始发生,并将侵蚀物经河流向西供输到原始台湾海峡前陆盆地,同时也向东供应到北吕宋海槽弧前盆地.随着弧陆碰撞的持续进行,南海东北部陆架上层序被推覆并出露在中央山脉西侧,台湾岛出露的面积也随之变大;1Ma的吕宋火山岛弧北段更向西仰冲,形成海岸山脉,拼贴在中央山脉东侧;最后又因<1Ma冲绳海槽弧后张裂,中央山脉东北部又发生断陷,产生宜兰平原,形成今日台湾岛的形貌. Taiwan Island is the young active orogen since the late Mesozoic on the eastern margin of the Huaxia Massif. On the geological background of the East China Sea-South China Sea continental shelf, the island of Taiwan has multiple particularities. In addition to the late Eocene sequence, the Eocene-Pleistocene There are continuous continental facies to shallow marine sequences exposed; the development of “China Sea” and the changes of the East China Sea-the South China Sea continental shelf; the rapid uplift rate and the contribution of marine sediments; active seismic activity; Passive and active continental margin sequences; and from the sea area between Taiwan and Luzon to the island at the same time subduction-collision-Yang Chong-Zhang tectonic activity, so there is a complete Wilson geological tectonic cycle. “” When is the island of Taiwan It is the basic issue that everybody cares about the geology of Taiwan Island. If you take away half of the water depth (60m) of seawater from the East China Sea shelf, the 150km-wide Taiwan Strait is the island of Taiwan connected to the mainland Umbilical cord, Taiwan Island is the umbilical cord connecting the East China Sea to the South China Sea if the island was restored to its original orogeny, but only a relatively large area of ​​Taiwan Island is exposed on the shelf of the East China Sea and the South China Sea. Apparently, A specific geological role occurred at this special umbilical cord site. The South China Sea subduction started 19 ~ 18Ma in the Early Miocene and the northern Luzon volcanic island arc started 6.5Ma followed by a subducted Eurasia collision. The island of Taiwan began to emerge in the late Miocene (~ 6.5Ma) with the earliest site of exposure being the Central Mountain Range, the Cretaceous active continental margin of the Mesozoic, which was subsequently merged into a part of the Eurasian continent, (50-39Ma), the Oligocene-mid Miocene Zhanghai (33 ~ 16Ma) and Early Miocene (19 ~ 18Ma) so far, the Eurasia-South China Sea lithosphere subducted eastward along the Manila trench Under the East China Sea basin-Philippine Sea Plate, the Miocene accretionary wedge formed and the oblique arc-continent collision that migrated from north to south 6.5Ma so far resulted in the uplift of the central mountain above the exposed sea level to form the primitive Taiwan island .Therefore, the original Taiwan Island and Taiwan rivers began to occur, and the eroded material was supplied to the original Taiwan Strait foreland basin via the river to the west, and also to the north of the Northern Luzon trough pre-arc basin. Arc continent collision continued, the northeastern South China Sea shelf sequence was After the overthrow and the exposure to the west side of the Central Mountain Range, the exposed area of ​​Taiwan Island also became larger. The northern arc section of Luzon volcanic island of 1Ma was further upturned to the west to form a coastal mountain range and collapsed to the east of the Central Mountain Range. Finally, due to the <1Ma Okinawa Trough arc back to Zhangjiakou, northeastern Central Mountain Range has broken down, resulting in the Ilan Plain, forming the island of Taiwan today.