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在19世纪末、20世纪初,面对欧洲帝国主义,中国知识分子质疑儒家传统的价值。在此之后,中华人民共和国的成立意味着帝国中华的儒家作为意识形态,被中国式的马克思列宁主义所取代。20世纪70年代末开始的中国对外开放政策,将这个国家转变成一个经济大国,也逐渐成为世界上的政治大国。作为经济发展的结果,社会日益不平等导致社会日益不稳定,这使一部分中国人质疑当代发展模式的有效性。在这种背景下,所谓“儒家的”亚洲四小龙的相同经济增长造成“亚洲发展模式”概念的产生,儒家传统在其中是重要构成因素。中国大陆这种对古代儒家传统的重新评价,受到台湾、香港地区和美国的新儒家运动的激励,而在这一方面,儒家被看作一种工具,用以缓解社会不公正和重建“和谐社会”。因此看来,当代中国的知识分子场景显示出各种“意识形态”思潮:鼓吹资本主义和自由民主;中国式马克思主义的延续和重新定义;回到儒家传统并作重新解说;或者是这些潮流的结合。这种当代情势本身就是中国继续“为现代性而奋斗”的征兆。本论文论述这一发展,所以集中讨论当代中国的社会学分野,并且追溯这些分野的历史。论文也在传统中国与当代中国的政治参与问题上对这种社会分野做出评价。
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in the face of European imperialism, Chinese intellectuals questioned the value of Confucian traditions. Since then, the establishment of the People’s Republic of China means that Confucianism in the imperial China, as an ideology, has been replaced by Chinese-style Marxism-Leninism. The policy of opening up to the outside world that started in the late 1970s turned the country into an economic power and gradually became the political power in the world. As a result of economic development, the growing inequality in society has led to increasingly unstable societies, which has led some people in China to question the effectiveness of contemporary development models. In this context, the same economic growth of the so-called “Confucianism” of the four Asian dragons has created the notion of “Asian development model,” in which Confucian tradition is an important component. This re-evaluation of the ancient Confucian tradition in mainland China was inspired by the Neo-Confucianist movement in Taiwan, Hong Kong and the United States, and in this respect, Confucianism was seen as a tool for alleviating social injustice and rebuilding “ harmonious society”. Therefore, the scene of contemporary Chinese intellectuals shows a variety of “ideological” currents of thought: advocating capitalism and liberal democracy; the continuation and redefinition of Chinese-style Marxism; the return to Confucian tradition and reinterpretation; or The combination of these trends. This contemporary situation is itself a symptom of China’s continuing “struggle for modernity.” This dissertation discusses this development, so it focuses on the sociological field of contemporary China and traces the history of these fields. The essay also evaluates this social division of labor between traditional China and contemporary China.