世界的城市化作为现代最令人瞩目的事实之一,已经在社会生活的各个方面引起了深刻变化。美国日新月异的城市化带来了剧烈的城市问题,也使我们对这些问题给予足够的关注。虽然都市生活已经在现代社会中占据了支配性地位,但我们仍然缺少一种社会学的城市定义。这个定义应充分考虑到这样的事实,即虽然城市生活特征主要在城市中体现,但城市生活模式并不仅限于城市。对社会学而言,城市是一个规模较大、人口密集的异质个体的永久居住地。人口众多导致了个体的变异性,亲密关系的相对匮乏,以及表现为以匿名性、表面性、短暂性和关联性为特征的人际关系的片断化。人口密集带来了个体的多样化与特殊化,近距离的身体接触与远距离的社会关系的重合,强烈的反差,隔离的复杂模式,正式社会控制的支配,对冲突的强调等。异质性趋向于破坏刚性的社会结构并产生不断增强的流动性、不稳定性,以及因个体依附的各种相互交叉却没有关联的社会团体,其成员具有很强的流动性带来的不安全感。金钱关系趋于替代个人关系,而公共机构趋于迎合大众而非个人的需求。个人只有通过有组织化的团体才能实现自己的价值。如果按照这样的理论框架进行社会学的分析,都市生活的复杂现象将获得一致性和连贯性。城市生活方式中的社会生态、社会组织与社会心理等经验事实将确保这种理论取得丰硕成果。 As one of the most remarkable facts of modernity, the urbanization of the world has brought about profound changes in all aspects of social life. The rapid urbanization brought about by the rapid urbanization in the United States has given us enough attention on these issues. Although urban life has dominated modern society, we still lack a sociological definition of the city. This definition should take full account of the fact that although the characteristics of urban life are mainly embodied in cities, urban lifestyles are not limited to cities. For sociology, the city is a permanent residence of a large, densely populated, heterogeneous individual. The large population led to individual variability, the relative lack of intimacy, and the fragmentation of human relationships characterized by anonymity, superficiality, transience, and relevance. Dense population led to the diversification and specialization of individuals, close physical contact with long-distance social relations overlap, strong contrast, isolation of complex patterns, the control of formal social control, the emphasis on conflicts. Heterogeneity tends to undermine rigid social structures and generate ever-increasing liquidity, instability, and interdependent and non-interrelated social groups attached to individuals, whose members have strong liquidity implications Security. Money relationships tend to replace personal relationships, and public institutions tend to cater to the general public rather than individual needs. Individuals can realize their own value only through organized groups. If sociological analysis is conducted on such a theoretical framework, the complex phenomenon of urban life will be consistent and coherent. Experiences such as social ecology, social organization and social psychology in urban lifestyles will ensure that this theory has achieved fruitful results.