The integration of strong near-infrared (NIR) emission,rapid lysosome escape,fast cellular excretion,and efficient total body clearance is highly desired for nanoparticles (NPs) to achieve synergistic functions in both molecular imaging end delivery.Herein,using a well-designed cydopeptide (CP) that can spontaneously assemble into controllable nanofibers as template,a facile strategy is reported for in situ serf-assembly of NIR-emitting gold NPs (AuNPs) into ordered and well-controlled one-dimensional (1D)nanostructures (AuNPs@CP) with greatly enhancad NIR emission (～ 6 fold).Comparing with the unassembled AuNPs,the AuNPs@CP are observed to enter living cells through endocytosis,escape from lysosome rapidly,and excrete the cell fast,which shows high gene trensfection efficiencies in construction of cell line with ～ 7.5-fold overexpression of p53 protein.Furthermore,the AuNPs@CP exhibit high in vivo diffusibility and total body clearance efficiency with minimized healthy organ retention,which are also demonstrated to be good nanovectors for plasmid complementary deoxyribonucleic acid 3.1 (poDNA3.1)(+)-intemal ribosome entry site (IRES)-green fluorescent protein (GFP)-p53 plasmid with efficient p53 gene over-expression in tumor site.This facile in situ strategy in fabricating highly luminescent 1D nenostructures provides a promising approach toward future translatable multifunctional nanostructures for delivering,tracking,and therapy.