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在道教研究史上,岭南地区早已引起了部分学者的关注与重视,而清代的广东道教仍然是一个较少被涉及的领域。原因之一是史料的零碎与分散所造成的障碍。因此本文尝试以清代的笔记小说为主要资料来源,从中考察清代广东道教的总体情况。从笔记小说所提供的史料可知,清代广东的教团道教处于逐渐衰微的趋势之中,全真道并未产生对本教派的发展有较大影响的著名大师,宫观的发展也一度衰落;正一道的影响同样也不如前代。而以民间信仰为本质的世俗道教却十分兴盛。其表现主要在于道教与巫术的密切关系、城隍信仰的兴盛、道士在世俗社会的积极活动以及与道教相关的民间习俗活动等四个方面。教团道教与世俗道教两者的本质虽然不同,它们之间却存在着不可忽视的互动关系。不少产生于教团道教内部的习俗活动逐渐世俗化,成为了地方社会风俗习惯的一部分;一些原本为地方民间信仰所供奉的神祗,也逐渐为教团的宫观吸纳,进入了教团道教的神仙系统。此外,儒、释、道三教的融合在清代的广东也达到了圆融一体,彼此不分的程度。
In the history of Taoism, the Lingnan area has aroused the concern and attention of some scholars. However, the Taoism in Guangdong during the Qing Dynasty was still a less involved area. One of the reasons is the obstacles caused by the fragmentation and dispersion of historical materials. Therefore, this paper attempts to use the Qing Dynasty’s novels as the main source of information, from the Qing Dynasty to examine the overall situation of Taoism in Guangdong. According to the historical data provided by the novels, the Order of the Taoist Taoism in Guangdong in the Qing Dynasty is gradually declining trend. Quanzhendao did not produce a famous master who greatly influenced the development of the sect. The same impact is also less than the previous generation. The secular Taoism based on folk belief is flourishing. Its manifestations mainly lie in the four aspects of the close relationship between Taoism and witchcraft, the flourishing belief in Chenghuang, the priests’ active activities in secular society and folk custom activities related to Taoism. Although the nature of both Christian Taoism and secular Taoism differs, there is an irreplaceable interaction between them. Many custom activities resulting from the Taoist Taoism have gradually become secularized and become part of the local social customs and customs. Some of the gods originally dedicated to local folk beliefs have also gradually absorbed into the beliefs of the cult and entered the Order Taoist fairy system. In addition, the integration of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in Guangdong in the Qing Dynasty reached the level of integration and indifference with each other.