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目的追踪国外先进战机超机动飞行航空医学问题研究进展,分析论证超机动飞行的载荷特点及其对飞行员生理功能的影响,为我军新一代战斗机飞行员医学防护研究提供情报支持。方法以国外相关论著、论文及技术报告为主要情报资料,综合分析比较,归纳整理形成主要观点及结论。结果超机动飞行对飞行员生理功能产生的影响主要有:心血管效应:(1)复合加速度影响+G_z耐力,中等G值(2.5 G)的+Gx与+G_z加速度复合作用使松弛+G_z耐力降低0.25 G,中等G值(2 G)的±Gy与+G_z加速度复合作用使松弛+G_z耐力提高0.5 G;(2)推拉效应明显。超机动飞行期间0 G_z或-G_z与+G_z之间快速转换,推拉效应十分频繁和常见;(3)出现不对称视觉消失现象;(4)抗荷系统难以满足防护要求。空间定向障碍:(1)容易产生严重飞行错觉。(2)现有飞行仪表难以满足空间定向需要。颈部损伤:与常规机动相比,一些超机动飞行动作将产生较大的侧向加速度。当飞机在高攻角姿态下高速滚转时,高强度的Gy将使头颈部的运动明显滞后于躯干,产生相对于躯干的侧向移动,从而导致严重的颈部损伤。随着头盔功能的拓展,头颈部的负荷越来越重,飞行员颈部损伤的危险性将明显增加。结论现代高性能战斗机的超敏捷飞行特性极大地拓展了飞机的机动能力,由此也带来了许多“人的因素”问题,其中最显著的是过失速机动过程中复杂加速度环境对人体生理产生的不良影响。虽然这些研究结果多数是通过模拟实验研究获得的,有些认识还停留在理论分析推测阶段,尚未在飞行作战、训练中得到证实,但随着具备超机动能力的第四代战斗机的普遍应用,由此带来的相关航空医学问题必将在飞行训练和作战中暴露出来,给新一代高性能战斗机的航空医学保障提出新的课题。
OBJECTIVE To track the progress of aviation medical research on advanced maneuvering fighters in foreign countries, and analyze the load characteristics of super maneuvering flight and its impact on the physiological functions of pilots, so as to provide intelligence support for the research on the medical guards of the new generation of fighter pilots. Methods Based on the related foreign treatises, theses and technical reports as the main intelligence data, the author analyzes and compares them comprehensively to form the main points and conclusions. Results The effects of super-maneuvering on the physiological functions of pilots were as follows: Cardiovascular effects: (1) The effect of combined acceleration was + G_z endurance, and the combination of + Gx and + G_z accelerations of medium G value (2.5 G) reduced relaxation + G_z endurance 0.25 G, and the combination of ± Gy and + G_z accelerations of medium G value (2 G) increased relaxation + G_z endurance by 0.5 G; (2) Push-pull effect was obvious. Rapid transition between 0 G_z or -G_z and + G_z during super-maneuver flight, the push-pull effect is very frequent and common; (3) Asymmetric visual disappearance occurs; (4) Anti-load system is difficult to meet the protection requirements. Spatial disorientation: (1) prone to serious flight illusion. (2) Existing flight instruments can not meet the needs of space orientation. Neck Injury: Some hyper-maneuvering flights will produce greater lateral acceleration than conventional maneuvers. As the aircraft rolls at high angles of attack at high angles of attack, high-intensity Gy will cause head-neck movement to lag significantly behind the torso, causing lateral movement relative to the torso, resulting in severe neck injury. With the expansion of the helmet function, the load on the head and neck is getting heavier and heavier, and the pilot’s risk of neck injury will be significantly increased. Conclusion The ultra-agile flight characteristics of modern high-performance fighter jets greatly expand the maneuverability of the aircraft, which also brings about many “human factors” problems. The most notable one is the complex acceleration environment during the over-roiling maneuver on the human body Physiological adverse effects. Although most of the results of these studies were obtained through simulation experiments, some of them still remain in the speculative stage of theoretical analysis and have not yet been proved in flight combat and training. However, with the widespread application of the fourth generation fighter with over maneuver, Relevant aeromedical issues brought about by the flight are bound to be exposed in flight training and operations, putting forward new topics for the aviation medical support for a new generation of high-performance fighter jets.