Heap bioleaching is one of the most clean and economical processes for recovery of low-grade and complex ores,because the sulfide minerals are natural habitats for acidophiles capable of iron-and sulfur-oxidation.The most exciting advances in heap bioleaching are occurring in the field of microbiology,especially with the development of advanced molecular biology approaches.These chemolithotrophic microorganisms living in the acid mine environment fix N2 and CO2 and obtain energy for growth from soluble ferrous iron and reduced inorganic sulfur compounds during oxidation of sulfide minerals.The ferric iron as oxidant and sulfuric acid are a result of microbial activity and provide favorable conditions for the dissolution of sulfide minerals.Various microbial consortia were applied successfully in commercial bioleaching heaps around the world,and microbial community and activity were adapted related to the local climatic conditions,ore characteristics and engineering configuration.This review focuses on diversity of bioleaching microbes,their role in heap bioleaching processes,their community structure and function in industrial heaps and the relation to the ore characteristics and the engineering configuration,to give implications for optimizing leaching efficiency of heap bioleaching.