Biological control of agricultural pests relies on knowledge of agroecosystem functionality,particularly when affected by the use of mass-produced biological agents.Incorporating pre-and/or post-release information such as genetic diversity and structure on these agents using molecular-based approaches could advance our knowledge of how they perform in agroecosystems.We evaluated the population genetics of Macrolophus pygmaeus,the most widely used predatory mirid against many arthropod pests of greenhouse crops in the Mediterranean region,using the mitochondrial Cytb sequence and microsatellite data,and population genetics and phylogeny approaches.We investigated commercially mass-produced insects (i.e.,commercial insects either mass-reared in the laboratory for many generations,or purchased by farmers and released in the greenhouses) and "wild" insects (i.e.,that occur naturally outside or are collected in nature for release in the greenhouses).The mirids were mainly collected in agroecosystems in which solanaceous plants are grown in northe Spain,southem France and Greece.Both molecular markers and approaches distinguished 2 genetically differentiated populations.The less genetically diverse population,hereafter named the "commercial" strain included all individuals from laboratory mass-rearings and most releases of commercially bred individuals.The most genetically diverse population mainly comprised individuals originating from noncultivated environments,or from releases of"wild" individuals.Rare examples of hybridization between M.pygmaeus from the 2 populations were observed and asymmetric gene flow was revealed.These findings provide new insights into what happens to M.pygmaeus released in the agroecosystems we studied,and show that it is possible to monitor some commercial strains.